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* Glossary: (lilypond/music-glossary).                  Glossary of music terms.
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1 Music Glossary
****************

* Menu:

`Adrian Mariano'
     Italian glossary,

`Bjoern Jacke'
     German glossary,

`Christian Mondrup'
     Original author of LilyPond glossary, Danish glossary,

`Dadiv Gonzalez'
     Spanish glossary,

`Franc,ois Pinard'
     Original glossary of GNU music project, French glossary,

`Han-Wen Nienhuys'
     Dutch glossary,

`Jan Nieuwenhuizen'
     Dutch glossary,

`Mats Bengtsson'
     Swedish glossary,

`Neil Jerram'
     English glossary translations,

`Heikki Junes'
     Finnish glossary translations.

Copyright 1999-2004 by the authors

   Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation,
without Invariant Sections.

   * ES - Spanish

   * I - Italian

   * F - French

   * D - German

   * NL - Dutch

   * UK - British English

   * DK - Danish

   * S - Swedish

   * FI - Finnish

   This is an example reference, that points you to the -> accent entry.

`A'
     ES: la, I: la, F: la, D: A, a, NL: a, DK: a, S: a, FI: A, a.

`accent'
     ES: acento, I: accento, F: accent, D: Akzent, NL: accent, DK:
     accent, S: accent, FI: aksentti, korostus.

     The stress of one tone over others.

`accidental'
     ES: alteracio'n, I: alterazione, accidente, F: alte'ration D:
     Vorzeichen, Versetzungszeichen, NL: voorteken, DK: l/ost fortegn,
     S: tillfa"lligt fo"rtecken, FI: tilapa"inen etumerkki.

     A sharp raises a tone by a -> semitone, a double sharp raises it
     by a -> whole tone, a flat lowers it by a semitone and a double
     flat lowers it by a whole tone. A natural cancels the effect of a
     previous accidental.



`accelerando'
     ES: acelerando, I: accelerando, F: accelerando, en acce'le'rant,
     D: accelerando, schneller werden, NL: accelerando, DK: accelerando,
     S: accelerando, FI: accelerando, kiihdytta"en.

     Increase tempo.

`adagio'
     ES: adagio, I: adagio, F: adagio, lent, D: Adagio, Langsam, NL:
     adagio, DK: adagio, S: adagio, FI: adagio, hitaasti.

     It. comfortable, easy.  1. Slow tempo, slower - especially in even
     meter - than -> andante and faster than -> largo.  2. A movement
     in slow tempo, especially the second (slow) movement of
     -> sonatas, symphonies, etc.

`allegro'
     ES: allegro, I: allegro, F: allegro, D: Allegro, Schnell,
     Fro"hlich, Lustig, NL: allegro, DK: allegro, S: allegro, FI:
     allegro, nopeasti.

     It. cheerful.  Quick tempo.  Also used as a title for pieces in a
     quick tempo, especially the first and last movements of a
     -> sonata.

`alto'
     ES: alto, I: contralto, F: alto, D: Alt, D: Alt, NL: alt, DK: alt,
     S: alt, FI: altto, matala naisa"a"ni.

     A female voice of low range (_contralto_).  Originally the alto
     was a high male voice (hence the name) which by the use of
     falsetto reached the height of the female voice.  This type of
     voice is also known as -> counter tenor.

`alto clef'
     ES: clave de do en tercera, I: chiave di contralto, F: clef d'ut
     troisie`me ligne, D: Altschlu"ssel, Bratschenschlu"ssel, NL: alt
     sleutel, DK: altn/ogle, S: altklav, FI: alttoavain.

     C clef setting middle C on the middle line of the staff -> C clef.

`ambit'
     ES: ambitus, I: ambitus, F: ambitus, D: ambitus, NL: ambitus, DK:
     ambitus, S: ambitus, FI: ambitus, a"a"niala, soitinala.

     The term ambit (from latin: ambitus, plural: ambitus) denotes a
     range of pitches for a given voice in a part of music. It also may
     denote the pitch range that a musical instrument is capable of
     playing.

`ancient minor scale'
     I: scala minore naturale, F: forme du mode mineur ancien,
     troise`me mode, mode helle'nique D: reines Moll, NL: authentieke
     mineurtoonladder, DK: ren mol, S: ren mollskala, FI: luonnollinen
     molliasteikko.



`andante'
     ES: andante, I: andante, F: andante, D: Andante, Gehend, NL:
     andante, DK: andante, S: andante, FI: andante, ka"yden.

     Walking tempo/character.

`appoggiatura'
     ES: apoyatura, I: appoggiatura, F: appogiature, (port de voix), D:
     Vorschlag, NL: voorslag, DK: forslag, S: fo"rslag, FI:
     appoggiatura, etuhele.

     Ornamental note, usually a second, that is melodically connected
     with the main note that follows it.  In music before the 19th
     century a. were usually performed on the beat, after that mostly
     before the beat.  While the short a. is performed as a short note
     regardless of the duration of the main note the duration of the
     long a. is proportional to that of the main note.



     An appoggiatura may have more notes preceding the main note.



`arpeggio'
     ES: arpegio, I: arpeggio, F: arpe`ge, D: Arpeggio,
     Akkordbrechungen, gebrochener Akkord, NL: gebroken akoord, DK:
     arpeggio, akkordbrydning, S: arpeggio, FI: arpeggio, murtosointu.



`ascending interval'
     ES: Intervalo ascendente, I: intervallo ascendente, F: intervalle
     ascendant, D: steigendes Intervall, NL: stijgend interval,
     DK: stigende interval, S: stigande intervall, FI: nouseva
     intervalli.

     A distance between a starting lower note and a higher ending note.

`augmented interval'
     ES: intervalo aumentado, I: intervallo aumentato, F: intervalle
     augmente', D: u"berma"ssiges Intervall, NL: overmatig interval,
     DK: forst/orret interval, S: o"verstigande intervall, FI:
     ylinouseva intervalli.

     -> interval.

`autograph	'
     I: autografo, F: manuscrit, D: Autograph, Handschrift, NL:
     manuscript, DK: haandskrift, autograf, S: handskrift, FI:
     ka"sinkirjoitettu nuotti.

     1. A manuscript in the composer's own hand.  2. Music prepared for
     photoreproduction by freehand drawing, with only the aid of a
     straightedge ruler and T-square, which attempts to emulate
     engraving.  This required more skill than did engraving.

`B'
     ES: si, I: si, F: si, D: H, h, NL: b, DK: h, S: h, FI: H, h.

`backfall; forefall'
     -> appoggiatura.

`bar line'
     ES: ?, I: stanghetta, barra (di divisione), F: barre (de mesure),
     D: Taktstrich, NL: maatstreep, DK: taktstreg, S: taktstreck, FI:
     tahtiviiva.

`bar'
     ES: compa's, -> measure.

`baritone'
     ES: bari'tono, I: baritono, F: bariton, D: Bariton, NL: bariton,
     DK: baryton, S: baryton, FI: baritoni, keskikorkuinen miesa"a"ni.

     The male voice intermediate between the -> bass and the -> tenor.

`baritone clef'
     ES: clave de fa en tercera, I: chiave di baritono, F: clef d' Ut
     cinquie`me ligne, clef de Fa troisie`me, D: Baritonschlu"ssel, NL:
     baritonsleutel, DK: barytonn/ogle, S: barytonklav, FI:
     baritoniavain.

     C or F clef setting middle C on the upper staff line.  -> C clef,
     -> F clef.

`bass clef'
     ES: clave de fa en cuarta, I: chiave di basso, F: cle' de fa
     quatrie`me ligne, D: Bassschlu"ssel, NL: bassleutel, DK: basn/ogle,
     S: basklav, FI: bassoavain.

     A clef setting with middle C on the first top ledger line.
     -> F clef.

`bass'
     I: basso, F: basse, D: Bass, NL: bas, DK: bas, S: bas, FI: basso,
     matala miesa"a"ni.

     1. The lowest of men's voices.  2. Sometimes, especially in jazz
     music, used as an abbreviation for double bass.  -> strings.

`beam'
     I: coda, F: barre, D: Balken, NL: waardestreep, DK: bjaelke, S:
     balk, FI: palkki.

     Line connecting a series of notes (shorter than a quarter note).
     The number of beams determine the note value of the connected
     notes.



`beat'
     ES: tiempo, I: tempi, F: temps, D: Takt, Taktschlag, Zeit (im
     Takt), NL: tel, DK: (takt)slag, S: taktslag, FI: aika-arvo.

     Note value used for counting, most often half-, fourth-, and
     eighth notes.  The base counting value and the number of them per
     measure is indicated at the start of the music.



`bind'
     -> tie.

`brace'
     ES: llave, corchete, I: graffa, F: accolade, D: Klammer, Akkolade,
     NL: accolade, teksthaak, DK: klamme, S: klammer, FI: yhdista"va"
     sulkumerkki.

     Symbol at the start of a system connecting staves.  Curly braces
     are used for connecting piano staves, angular brackets for
     connecting parts in an orchestral or choral score.





`brass'
     ES: metales, I: ottoni, D: Blechbla"ser, NL: koper (blazers), F:
     cuivres, DK: messingblaesere, S: brassinstrument,
     ma"ssingsinstrument, FI: vaskisoitin.

     A family of blown musical instruments made of brass all using a
     cup formed mouth piece.  The brass instruments commonly used in a
     symphony orchestra are trumpet, trombone, french horn, and tube.

`breath mark'
     I: respiro, F: respiration, D: Atemzeichen, Trennungszeichen, NL:
     repercussieteken, DK: vejrtraekningstegn, S: andningstecken, FI:
     hengitysmerkki.

     Indication of where to breathe in vocal and wind instrument parts.

`breve'
     ES: breve, I: breve, F: bre`ve, D: Brevis, NL: brevis, DK: brevis,
     S: brevis, FI: brevis.

     -> note value twice as long as a whole note.  Mainly used in
     pre-1650 music.



`C'
     ES: do, I: do, F: ut, D: C, c, NL: c, DK: c, S: c, FI: C, c.

`C clef'
     ES: Clave de do, I: chiave di do, F: cle' d'ut, D: C-Schlu"ssel,
     NL: C-sleutel, DK: c-n/ogle, S: c-klav, FI: C-avain.

     Clef symbol indicating the position of the middle C.  Used on all
     note lines.



`cadence'
     ES: cadencia, I: cadenza, F: cadence, D: Kadenz, NL: cadens, DK:
     kadence, S: kadens, FI: kadenssi, lopuke.

     -> harmonic cadence, -> functional harmony.

`cadenza'
     ES: cadenza, I: cadenza, F: cadence, D: Kadenz, NL: cadens, DK:
     kadence, S: kadens, FI: kadenssi, lopuke.

     An extended, improvisatory style section inserted near the end of
     movement.  The purpose of a cadenza is to give the singer or
     player a chance to exhibit her technichal skill and not the least
     her ability to improvise.  Since the middle of the 19th century,
     however, most cadences have been written down by the composer.

`canon'
     ES: canon, I: canone, F: canon, D: Kanon, NL: canon, DK: kanon, S:
     kanon, FI: kaanon, tarkka ja"ljittely.

     -> counterpoint.

`cent'
     ES: cent, I: cent, F: cent, D: Cent, NL: cent, DK: cent, S: cent,
     FI: sentti, puolisa"velaskeleen sadasosa tasavireisessa"
     viritysja"rjestelma"ssa".

     Logarithmic unit of measurement.  1 cent is 1/1200 of an octave
     (1/100 of an equally tempered -> semitone).  -> equal temperament.

`central C'
     -> middle C.

`chord'
     ES: acorde, I: accordo, F: accord, D: Akkord, NL: akkoord, DK:
     akkord, S: ackord, FI: sointu.

     Three or more tones sounding simultaneously.  In traditional
     European music the base chord is a _triad_ consisting of 2 thirds.
     _Major_ (major + minor -> third) as well as _minor_ (minor +
     major third) chords may be extended with more thirds.  Four-tone
     _seventh chords_ and five-tone _ninth_ major chords are most often
     used as dominants (-> functional harmony).  A special case is
     chords having no third above the lower notes to define their
     quality as major or minor.  Such chords are denoted open chords



`chromatic scale'
     ES: escala croma'tica, I: scala cromatica, F: gamme chromatique,
     D: chromatische Tonleiter, NL: chromatische toonladder, DK:
     kromatisk skala, S: kromatisk skala, FI: kromaattinen asteikko.

     A scale consisting of all 12 -> semitones.



`chromaticism'
     ES: cromatismo, I: cromatismo, F: chromatisme, D: Chromatik, NL:
     chromatiek, DK: kromatik, S: kromatik, FI: kromatiikka.

     Use of tones extraneous to a -> diatonic scale (minor, major).

`church mode; ecclesiastical mode'
     ES: modo eclesia'stico, I: modo ecclesiastico, F: mode
     eccle'siastique, D: Kirchentonart, NL: kerktoonladder, DK:
     kirketoneart, S: kyrkotonart, FI: moodi, kirkkosa"vellaji.

     -> diatonic scale.

`clef'
     ES: clave, I: chiave, F: cle', clef, D: Schlu"ssel,
     Notenschlu"ssel, NL: sleutel, DK: n/ogle, S: klav, FI: avain,
     nuottiavain.

     -> C clef, -> F clef, -> G clef.

`cluster'
     A _cluster_ is a range of simultaneously sounding pitches that may
     change over time.  The set of available pitches to apply usually
     depends on the acoustic source.  Thus, in piano music, a cluster
     typically consists of a continuous range of the semitones as
     provided by the piano's fixed set of a chromatic scale.  In choral
     music, each singer of the choir typically may sing an arbitrary
     pitch within the cluster's range that is not bound to any
     diatonic, chromatic or other scale.  In electronic music, a
     cluster (theoretically) may even cover a continuous range of
     pitches, thus resulting in colored noise, such as pink noise.

     Clusters can be denoted in the context of ordinary staff notation
     by engraving simple geometrical shapes that replace ordinary
     notation of notes.  Ordinary notes as musical events specify
     starting time and duration of pitches; however, the duration of a
     note is expressed by the shape of the note head rather than by the
     horizontal graphical extent of the note symbol.  In contrast, the
     shape of a cluster geometrically describes the development of a
     range of pitches (vertical extent) over time (horizontal extent).
     Still, the geometrical shape of a cluster covers the area in which
     any single pitch contained in the cluster would be notated as an
     ordinary note.

         \apply #notes-to-clusters {  <c e > <b f'> <b g'> <c g> <f e>  }


`comma'
     I: comma, F: comma, D: Komma, NL: komma, DK: komma, S: komma, FI:
     komma, korvinkuultava ero a"a"nenkorkeudessa.

     Difference in pitch between a note derived from pure tuning and
     the same note derived from some other tuning method.
     -> temperament.

`common meter'
     -> meter.

`compound interval'
     ES: intervalo compuesto, I: intervallo composto, F: intervalle
     compose', D: weites Intervall, NL: samengesteld interval, DK:
     sammensat interval, S: sammansatt intervall, FI: oktaavia laajempi
     intervalli.

     Intervals larger than an octave.

     -> interval.

`complement'
     I: rivolto, F: intervalle comple'mentaire, D:
     Komplementa"rintervall, NL: complementair interval, DK:
     komplementaerinterval, S: komplementa"rintervall (?), FI:
     ta"ydenta"va" intervalli.

     -> inverted interval.

`conjunct movement'
     ES: movimiento conjunto, I: moto congiunto, F: mouvement conjoint,
     D: schrittweise, stufenweise Bewegung, NL: stapsgewijze,
     trapsgewijze beweging, DK: trinvis bevaegelse, S: stegvis ro"relse,
     FI: asteittainen liike.

     Melody moving in the narrow steps of the scale.



`consonance'
     ES: consonancia, I: consonanza, F: consonance, D: Konsonanz, NL:
     consonant, DK: konsonans, S: konsonans, FI: konsonanssi,
     sopusointi.

     -> harmony.

`contralto'
     ES: contralto, I: contralto, F: contralto, D: Alt, NL: contralto,
     DK: alt, S: alt, FI: kontra-altto.

     -> alto.

`counterpoint'
     ES: contrapunto, I: contrappunto, F: contrepoint, D: Kontrapunkt,
     NL: contrapunt, DK: kontrapunkt, S: kontrapunkt, FI: kontrapunkti,
     a"a"ni a"a"nta" vastaan.

     From latin _punctus contra punctum_, note against note.  The
     combination into a single musical fabric of lines or parts which
     have distinct melodic significance.  A frequently used polyphonic
     technique is imitation, in its strictest form found in the canon
     needing only one part to be written down while the other parts are
     performed with a given displacement.  Imitation is also the
     contrapunctal technique used in the _fugue_ which, since the music
     of the baroque era, has been one of the most popular polyphonic
     composition methods.



`counter tenor'
     ES: contratenor, I: controtenore, F: contre-tenor, D: Countertenor,
     NL: contratenor, DK: kontratenor, S: kontratenor, counter tenor,
     FI: kontratenori.

     -> contralto.

`Copying, Music Music'
     A music copyist did fast freehand scores and parts on preprinted
     staff lines for performance.  Some of their conventions (e.g., the
     placement of note heads on stems) varied slightly from those of
     engravers.  Some of their working methods were superior and could
     well be adopted by music typesetters.  This required more skill
     than engraving.

`crescendo'
     ES: crescendo, I: crescendo, F: crescendo, D: Crescendo, lauter
     werden, NL: crescendo, DK: crescendo, S: crescendo, FI: cresendo,
     voimistuen.

     Increasing volume.  Indicated by a rightwards opening horizontal
     wedge or the abbreviation "cresc.".



`cue-notes'
     ES: notas guia, I: notine, F: petites notes pre'ce'dent l'entre'e
     d'in instrument, re'plique, D: Stichnoten, NL: stichnoten, DK:
     stiknoder, S: inprickningar, FI: vihjenuotit.

     In a separate part notes belonging to another part with the
     purpose of hinting when to start playing.  Usually printed in a
     smaller type.

`custos'
     A custos is a staff symbol that appears at the end of a staff line
     with monophonic musical contents (i.e. with a single voice).  It
     anticipates the pitch of the first note of the following line and
     thus helps the player or singer to manage line breaks during
     performance, thus enhancing readability of a score.

     Custodes were frequently used in music notation until the 16th
     century.  There were different appearences for different notation
     styles.  Nowadays, they have survived only in special forms of
     musical notation such as via the editio vaticana dating back to
     the beginning of the 20th century



`D'
     ES: Re, I: re, F: re', D: D, d, NL: d, DK: d, S: d, FI: D, d.

`da capo'
     ES: da capo, I: da capo, F: da capo, depuis le commencement, D: da
     capo, von Anfang, NL: da capo, DK: da capo, S: da capo, FI: da
     capo, alusta.

     The term indicates repetition of the piece from the beginning to
     the end or to a certain place marked _fine_.  Mostly abbreviated
     as "D.C.".

`dal segno'
     ES: dal segno, I: dal segno, F: dal segno, depuis le signe, D: dal
     segno, NL: dal segno, DK: dal segno, S: dal segno, FI: dal segno,
     merkkiin asti.

     Abbreviated "d.s.".  Repetition, not from the beginning, but from
     another place frequently near the beginning marked by a sign:



`decrescendo'
     ES: decrescendo, I: decrescendo, D: Decrescendo, leiser werden,
     NL: decrescendo, DK: decrescendo, S: decrescendo, FI: decresendo,
     hiljentyen.

     Decreasing tone volume.  Indicated by a leftwards opening
     horizontal wedge or the abbreviation "decresc.".



`descending interval'
     ES: intervalo descendente, I: intervallo discendente, F:
     intervalle descendant, D: fallendes Intervall, absteigendes
     Intervall, NL: dalend interval, DK: faldende interval, S: fallande
     intervall, FI: laskeva intervalli.

     A distance between a starting higher note and a lower ending note.

`diatonic scale'
     ES: escala diato'nica, I: scala diatonica, F: gamme diatonique, D:
     diatonische Tonleiter, NL: diatonische toonladder, DK: diatonisk
     skala, S: diatonisk skala, FI: diatoninen asteikko.

     A scale consisting of 5 -> whole tones and 2 -> semitones (S).
     Scales played on the white keys of a piano keybord are diatonic.

     The church modes are used in gregorial chant and pre baroque early
     music but also to some extent in newer jazz music.













     From the beginning of the 17th century the scales used in European
     compositional music are primarily the major and the minor scales.
     In the harmonic minor scale type an augmented second (A) occurs
     between the 6th and 7th tone.









`diminished interval'
     ES: intervalo disminui'do, I: intervallo diminuito, F: intervalle
     diminue', D: vermindertes Intervall, NL: verminderd interval, DK:
     formindsket interval, S: fo"rminskat intervall, FI: va"hennetty
     intervalli.

     -> interval.

`diminuendo'
     ES: diminuendo, I: diminuendo, F: diminuendo, D: Diminuendo, NL:
     diminuendo, DK: diminuendo, S: diminuendo, FI: diminuendo,
     hiljentyen.

     -> decrescendo.

`disjunct movement'
     ES: movimiendo disjunto, I: moto disgiunto, F: mouvement disjoint,
     D: sprunghafte Bewegung, NL: sprongsgewijze beweging, DK:
     springende bevaegelse, S: hoppande ro"relse, FI: melodian hyppiva"
     liike.

     Melody moving in steps greater than those of the scale.  Opposite
     of -> conjunct movement.



`dissonant interval; dissonance'
     ES: intervalo disonante, disonancias, I: intervallo dissonante,
     dissonanza, F: dissonance, D: Dissonanz, NL: dissonant interval;
     dissonant, DK: dissonerende interval, dissonans, S: dissonans, FI:
     dissonanssi, dissonoiva intervalli, riitasointi.

     -> harmony.

`dominant ninth chord'
     I: accordo di nona di dominante, F: accord de neuvie`me dominante,
     D: Dominantnoneakkord, NL: dominant noon akkoord, DK:
     dominantnoneakkord, S: dominantnonackord, FI:
     dominanttinoonisointu.

     -> chord, -> functional harmony.

`dominant seventh chord'
     ES: acorde de se'ptima de dominante, I: accordo di settima di
     dominante, F: accord de septie`me dominante, D: Dominantseptakkord,
     NL: dominant septiem akkoord, DK: dominantseptimakkord, S:
     dominantseptimackord, FI: dominanttiseptimisointu.

     -> chord, -> functional harmony.

`dominant'
     ES: dominante, I: dominante, F: dominante, D: Dominante, NL:
     dominant, DK: dominant, S: dominant, FI: dominantti, huippusointu.

     The fifth -> scale degree, -> functional harmony.

`dorian mode'
     ES: modo do'rico, I: modo dorico, F: mode dorien, D: dorisch,
     dorischer Kirchenton, NL: dorische toonladder, DK: dorisk skala,
     S: dorisk tonart, FI: doorinen moodi.

     -> diatonic scale.

`dot (augmentation dot)'
     ES: puntillo, I: punto (di valore), F: point, D: Punkt
     (Verla"ngerungspunkt), NL: punt, DK: punkt, S: punkt, FI: piste.

     -> dotted note.

`dotted note'
     ES: nota con puntillo, I: nota puntata, F: note pointe'e, D:
     punktierte Note, NL: gepuncteerde noot, DK: punkteret node, S:
     punkterad not, FI: pisteellinen nuotti.

     -> note value.

`double appoggiatura'
     ES: apoyatura doble, I: appoggiatura doppia, F: appoggiature
     double, D: doppelter Vorschlag, NL: dubbele voorslag, DK: dobbelt
     forslag, S: dubbelslag, FI: kaksoisappogiatura, kaksoisetuhele.

     -> appoggiatura.

`double bar line'
     I: doppia barra, F: double barre, D: Doppelstrich, NL: dubbele
     maatstreep, DK: dobbeltstreg, S: dubbelstreck, FI:
     kaksoistahtiviiva.

     Indicates the end of a section within a movement.

`double dotted note'
     ES: nota con dos puntillos, I: nota doppiamente puntata, F: note
     doublement pointe'e, D: doppelt punktierte Note, NL:
     dubbelgepuncteerde noot, DK: dobbeltpunkteret node, S:
     dubbelpunkterad not, FI: kaksoispisteellinen nuotti.

     -> note value.

`double flat'
     ES: doble bemol, I: doppio bemolle, F: double be'mol, D: Doppel-B,
     NL: dubbelmol, DK: dobbelt-b, S: dubbelbe, FI:
     kaksoisalennusmerkki.

     -> accidental.

`double sharp'
     ES: doble sostenido, I: doppio diesis, F: double die`se, D:
     Doppelkreuz, NL: dubbelkruis, DK: dobbeltkryds, S: dubbelkors, FI:
     kaksoisylennysmerkki.

     -> accidental.

`double trill'
     ES: trino doble, I: doppio trillo, F: trille double, D:
     Doppeltriller, NL: dubbele triller, DK: dobbelttrille, S:
     dubbeldrill, FI: kaksoistrilli.

     A simultaneous trill on two notes, usually in the distance of a
     third.

`duple meter'
     ES: tiempo binario, I: tempo binario, F: temps binaire, D: in zwei,
     NL: tweedelige maatsoort, DK: todelt takt, S: tvaatakt, FI:
     kaksoistempo.

     -> meter.

`duplet'
     ES: dosillo, I: duina, F: duolet, D: Duole, NL: duool, DK: duol,
     S: duol, FI: duoli.

     -> note value.

`duration'
     ES: duracio'n, I: durata, F: dure'e, D: Dauer, La"nge, NL: duur,
     lengte, DK: varighed, S: tonla"ngd, FI: kesto, aika-arvo.

     -> note value.

`dydimic comma'
     -> syntonic comma.

`E'
     ES: mi, I: mi, F: mi, D: E, e, NL: e, DK: e, S: e, FI: E, e.

`eighth note'
     ES: corchea, I: croma, F: croche, UK: quaver, D: Achtel,
     Achtelnote, NL: achtste noot, DK: ottendedelsnode, S:
     aattondelsnot, FI: kahdeksasosanuotti.

     -> note value.

`eighth rest'
     ES: silencio de corchea, I: pausa di croma, F: demi-soupir, UK:
     quaver rest, D: Achtelpause, NL: achtste rust, DK:
     ottendedelspause, S: aattonddelspaus, FI: kahdeksasosatauko.

     -> note value.

`engraving'
     ES: Grabar I: incisione, F: gravure, D: Notenstechen, Notendruck
     NL: steken, DK: nodestik, S: nottryck, FI: painatus.

     Engraving means incising or etching a metal plate for printing.
     Photoengraving means drawing music with ink in a manner similar to
     drafting or engineering drawing, using similar tools.

     The traditional process of music printing is done through cutting
     in a plate of metal.  Now also the term for the art of music
     typesetting.

`enharmonic'
     ES: enharmo'nico, I: enarmonico, F: enharmonique, D: enharmonisch,
     NL: enharmonisch, DK: enharmonisk, S: enharmonisk, FI:
     enharmoninen.

     Two notes, intervals, or scales are enharmonic if they have
     different names but equal pitch.



`equal temperament'
     ES: ?, I: temperamento equabile, F: tempe'rament e'gal, D:
     gleichschwebende Stimmung, NL: gelijkzwevende temperatuur, DK:
     ligesvaevende temperatur, S: liksva"vande temperatur, FI:
     tasavireinen.

     Tuning system dividing the octave into 12 equal -> semitones
     (precisely 100 -> cents).  -> temperament.

`expression mark'
     ES: ?, I: segno d'espressione, F: signe d'expression, indication
     de nuance, D: Vortragszeichen, NL: voordrachtsteken, DK:
     foredragsbetegnelse, S: fo"redragsbeteckning, FI: nyanssiosoitus,
     esitysmerkki.

     Performance indications concerning 1. volume, dynamics (for example
     -> forte, -> crescendo), 2. tempo (for example -> andante,
     -> allegro).

`F'
     ES: fa, I: fa, F: fa, D: F, f, NL: f, DK: f, S: f, FI: F, f.

`F clef'
     ES: Clave de Fa, I: chiave di fa, F: cle' de fa, D: F-Schlu"ssel,
     NL: F-sleutel, DK: F-n/ogle, S: f-klav, FI: F-avain.

     The position between the dots of the key symbol is the line of the
     F below central C.  Used on the third, fourth and fifth note line.
     A digit 8 above the clef symbol indicates that the notes must be
     played an octave higher (for example bass recorder) while 8 below
     the clef symbol indicates playing an octave lower (for example on
     double bass -> strings).



`fermata'
     ES: Caldero'n, I: corona, F: point d'orgue, point d'arre^t, D:
     Fermate, NL: fermate, DK: fermat, S: fermat, FI: fermaatti,
     pida"ke.

     Prolonged note or rest of indefinite duration.



`fifth'
     ES: quinta, I: quinta, F: quinte, D: Quinte, NL: kwint, DK: kvint,
     S: kvint, FI: kvintti.

     -> interval.

`figured bass'
     ES: bajo cifrado, -> thorough bass.

`fingering'
     ES: digitacio'n, I: diteggiatura, F: doigte', D: Fingersatz, NL:
     vingerzetting, DK: fingersaetning, S: fingersa"ttning, FI:
     sormitus.

     The methodical use of fingers in the playing of instruments.

`flag,pennantpennant'
     ES: corchete, I: coda (uncinata), bandiera, F: crochet, D: Fahne,
     Fa"hnchen, NL: vlaggetje, DK: fane, S: flagga, FI: lippu, viiri.

     Ornament at the end of the stem of a note used for notes with
     values less than a quarter note.  The number of flags determines
     the -> note value.



`flat'
     ES: bemol, I: bemolle, F: be'mol, D: B, b, NL: mol, DK: b, S:
     befo"rtecken, FI: alennusmerkki.

     -> accidental.

`forefall; backfall'
     -> appoggiatura.

`forte'
     ES: forte, I: forte, F: forte, D: forte, laut, NL: forte, DK:
     forte, S: forte, FI: forte, voimakkaasti.

     Loud, abbreviated f, _fortissimo_ (ff) very loud, _mezzoforte_
     (mf) medium loud.

`fourth'
     ES: cuarta, I: quarta, F: quarte, D: Quarte, NL: kwart, DK: kvart,
     S: kvart, FI: kvartti.

     -> interval.

`fugue'
     ES: fuga, I: fuga, F: fugue, D: Fuge, NL: fuga, DK: fuga, S: fuga,
     FI: fuuga.

     -> counterpoint.

`functional harmony'
     ES: armoni'a funcional, I: armonia funzionale, F: e'tude des
     functions, D: Funktionslehre, NL: functionele harmonie, DK:
     funktionsanalyse, funktionsharmonik, S: funktionsla"ra, FI:
     harmoniaja"rjestelma".

     A system of harmonic analysis.  It is based on the idea that, in a
     given key, there are only three functionally different chords:
     tonic (T, the chord on the first note of the scale), subdominant
     (S, the chord on the fourth note), and dominant (D, the chord on
     the fifth note).  Other are considered to be variants of the base
     chords.



`G'
     ES: sol, I: sol, F: sol, D: G, g, NL: g, DK: g, S: g, FI: G, g.

`G clef'
     ES: Clave de sol, I: chiave di sol, F: cle' de sol, D:
     G-Schlu"ssel, Violinschlu"ssel, NL: G-sleutel, DK: g-n/ogle, S:
     g-klav, FI: G-avain.

     A clef symbol indicating the G above central C.  Used on the first
     and second note lines.  A digit 8 above the clef symbol indicates
     that the notes must be played an octave higher while 8 below the
     clef symbol indicates playing or singing an octave lower (most
     tenor parts in choral scores are notated like that).



`glissando'
     ES: glissando, I: glissando, F: glissando, D: Glissando, NL:
     glissando, DK: glissando, S: glissando, FI: glissando, liukuen.

     Letting the pitch slide fluently from one note to the other.

`grace notes'
     SP: ?, I: abbellimenti, F: fioriture, D: Verzierungen,
     Vorschla"ge, Vorschlagsnoten, NL: versieringen, DK: forsiringer,
     S: ornament, FI: korunuotit.

     Notes printed in small types to indicate that their time values
     are not counted in the rhythm of the bar.  -> appoggiatura.

`grand staff'
     I: accolatura, F: accolade, D: Akkolade, NL: piano systeem, DK:
     klaversystem, S: ackolad, bo"jd klammer, FI: kaksoisnuottiviivasto.

     -> brace.

     A combination of two staves with a brace.  Usually used for piano
     music.

`grave'
     ES: grave, I: grave, F: grave, D: grave, langsam, NL: grave,
     ernstig, DK: grave, S: grave, FI: grave, raskaasti.

     Slow, solemn.

`half note'
     ES: blanca, I: minima, F: blanche, UK: minim, D: Halbe, halbe Note,
     NL: halve noot, DK: halvnode, S: halvnot, FI: puolinuotti.

     -> note value.

`half rest'
     SP: ?, I: pausa di minima, F: demi-pause, UK: minim rest, D: halbe
     Pause, NL: halve, rust, DK: halvnodespause, S: halvpaus, FI:
     puolitauko.

     -> note value.

`harmonic cadence'
     ES: cadencia (armo'nica), I: cadenza (armonica), F: cadence
     harmonique, D: Schlusskadenz, NL: harmonische cadens, DK:
     harmonisk kadence, S: (harmonisk) kadens, FI: harmoninen kadenssi.

     Sequence of chords that terminate a musical phrase or section.
     -> functional harmony.



`harmony'
     ES: armoni'a, I: armonia, F: harmonie, D: Harmonie, Zusammenklang,
     NL: harmonie, DK: samklang, S: samklang, FI: harmonia,
     yhteissointi.

     Tones sounding simultaneously.  Two note harmonies fall into the
     categories _consonances_ and _dissonances_.

     Consonances:



     Dissonances:



     Three note harmony -> chord.

`homophony'
     ES: homofoni'a, I: omofonia, F: homophonie, D: Homophonie, NL:
     homofonie, DK: homofoni, S: homofoni, FI: homofonia,
     yksia"a"nisyys.

     Music in which one voice leads melodically followed by the other
     voices more or less in the same rhythm.  In contrast to
     -> polyphony.

`interval'
     ES: intervalo, I: intervallo, F: intervalle, D: Intervall, NL:
     interval, DK: interval, S: intervall, FI: intervalli, kahden
     sa"velen korkeusero.

     Difference in pitch between two notes.  Intervals may be perfect,
     minor, major, diminished, or augmented.  The augmented fourth and
     the diminished fifth are identical (-> enharmonic) and are called
     _tritonus_ because they consist of three -> whole tones.  The
     addition of such two forms an octave.







`inverted interval'
     ES: intervalo invertido, I: intervallo rivolto, F: intervalle
     reverse', D: umgekehrtes Intervall, NL: interval inversie, DK:
     omvendingsinterval, S: intervallets omva"ndning, FI:
     ka"a"nteisintervalli.

     The difference between an interval and an octave.



`just intonation'
     I: intonazione giusta, F: intonation juste, D: reine Stimmung, NL:
     reine stemming, DK: ren stemning, S: ren sta"mning, FI: puhdas
     viritys.

     Tuning system in which the notes are obtained by adding and
     subtracting natural fifths and thirds.  -> temperament.

`key'
     ES: tonalidad, I: tonalita`, F: tonalite', D: Tonart, NL:
     toonsoort, DK: toneart, S: tonart, FI: tonaliteetti.

     According to the 12 tones of the -> chromatic scale there are
     12 keys, one on c, one on c-sharp, etc.  -> key signature.

`key signature'
     ES: armadura de clave, I: armatura di chiave, F: armure, armature
     [de la cle'], D: Vorzeichen, Tonart, NL: toonsoort (voortekens),
     DK: faste fortegn, S: tonartssignatur, FI: sa"vellajiosoitus.

     The sharps or flats appearing at the beginning of each staff
     indicating the key of the music.  -> accidental.

`largo'
     ES: largo, I: largo, F: largo, D: Largo, Langsam, Breit, NL: largo,
     DK: largo, S: largo, FI: largo, hitaasti, levea"sti.

     Very slow in tempo, usually combined with great expressiveness.
     _Larghetto_ is less slow than largo.

`leading note'
     ES: sensible, I: sensibile, F: note sensible, D: Leitton, NL:
     leidtoon, DK: ledetone, S: ledton, FI: johtosa"vel.

     The seventh -> scale degree, a -> semitone below the tonic; so
     called because of its strong tendency to "lead up" (resolve
     upwards) to the tonic scale degree.

`ledger line; leger line'
     ES: li'neas adicionales, I: tagli addizionali, F: ligne
     supple'mentaire, D: Hilfslinie, NL: hulplijntje, DK: hjaelpelinie,
     S: hja"lplinje, FI: apuviiva.

     A ledger line is an extension of the staff.



`legato'
     ES: ligado, I: legato, F: legato, lie', D: legato, NL: legato, DK:
     legato, S: legato, FI: legato, sitoen.

     To be performed (a) without any perceptible interruption between
     the notes unlike (b) _leggiero_ or _non-legato_, (c) _portato_ and
     (d) -> staccato.



`legato curve'
     -> slur, -> legato.

`lilypond'
     ES: estanque de lilas, I: stagno del giglio, F: e'tang de lis, UK:
     lily pond, D: Seerosenteich, NL: lelievijver, DK: liliedam, S:
     liljedamm, FI: liljalampi.

     A pond with lilies floating in it, also the name of a music
     typesetter.

`ligature'
     A ligature is a coherent graphical symbol that represents at least
     two distinct notes.  Ligatures originally appeared in the
     manuscripts of Gregorian chant notation roughly since the 9th
     century to denote ascending or descending sequences of notes.  In
     early notation, ligatures were used for monophonic tunes
     (Gregorian chant) and very soon denoted also the way of
     performance in the sense of articulation.  With the invention of
     the metric system of the white mensural notation, the need for
     ligatures to denote such patterns disappeared.

`line'
     ES: li'nea, I: linea, F: ligne, D: Linie, Notenlinie, NL: lijn,
     DK: nodelinie, S: notlinje, FI: viiva, nuottiviiva.

     -> staff.

`long appoggiatura'
     ES: apoyatura larga, I: appoggiatura lunga, F: appoggiature longue,
     D: langer Vorschlag, NL: Lange voorslag, DK: langt forslag, S:
     laangt fo"rslag, FI: pitka" appoggiatura, pitka" etuhele.

     -> appoggiatura.

`longa'
     ES: longa, I: longa, F: longa, D: Longa, NL: longa, DK: longa, S:
     longa, FI: longa.

     Note value: double length of -> breve.  -> note value.



`lyrics; song texts'
     ES: ., I: ., F: ., D: ., NL: liedtekst, DK: ., S: ., FI, sanoitus,

`major interval'
     ES: intervalo mayor, I: intervallo maggiore, F: intervalle majeur,
     D: grosses Intervall, NL: groot interval, DK: stort interval, S:
     stort intervall, FI: suuri intervalli.

     -> interval.

`major'
     ES: mayor, I: maggiore, F: [mode] majeur, D: Dur, NL: majeur, DK:
     dur, S: dur, FI: duuri.

     -> diatonic scale.

`meantone temperament'
     I: accordatura mesotonica, F: tempe'rament me'sotonique, D:
     mittelto"nige Stimmung, NL: middenstemming, middentoonstemming,
     DK: middeltonetemperatur, S: medeltonstemperatur, FI:
     keskisa"velviritys.

     Temperament yielding acoustically pure thirds by decreasing the
     natural fifth by 16 -> cents.  Due to the non-circular character
     of this -> temperament only a limited set of keys are playable.
     Used for tuning keyboard instruments for performance of pre-1650
     music.

`measure, bar bar'
     ES: compa's, I: misura, battuta, F: mesure, D: Takt, NL: maat, DK:
     takt, S: takt, FI: tahti.

     A group of -> beats (units of musical time) the first of which
     bears an accent.  Such groups in numbers of two or more recur
     consistently throughout the composition and are marked from each
     other by bar-lines.  -> meter.

`mediant'
     ES: mediante, I: mediante, modale, F: me'diante, NL: mediant, D:
     Mediante, DK: mediant, S: mediant, FI: keskisa"vel.

     1. The third scale degree.  2. A -> chord having its base tone a
     third from that of another chord.  For example, the tonic chord
     may be replaced by its lower mediant (variant tonic).
     -> functional harmony, -> relative key.

`melisma'
     NL: melisma, FI: melisma, laulettavan tavun sa"velkuvio.

     A melisma (plural: melismata) is a group of notes or tones sung on
     one syllable in plainsong

`melodic cadence'
     -> cadenza.

`meter, time time'
     ES: compa's, I: tempo, metro, F: indication de me'sure, D:
     Taktart, Metrum, NL: maatsoort, DK: taktart, S: taktart, FI:
     aika-arvo.

     The basic scheme of -> note values and -> accents which remains
     unaltered throughout a composition or a section of it.  For
     instance, 3/4 meter means that the basic -> note values are
     quarter notes and that a -> measure consists of three of those.
     According to whether there are two, three or four units to the
     measure, one speaks of _duple_ (2/2, 2/4, 2/8), _triple_ (3/2,
     3/4, 3/8), or _quadruple_ (4/2, 4/4, 4/8) meter.  4/4 is also
     called common meter.







`metronome'
     ES: metro'nomo, I: metronomo, F: me'tronome, D: Metronom, NL:
     metronoom, DK: metronom, S: metronom, FI: metronomi.

     Device indicating the exact tempo of a piece.
     -> metronomic indication.

`metronomic indication'
     ES: indicacio'n metrono'mica, I: indicazione metronomica, F:
     indication me'tronomique, D: Metronomangabe, NL: metronoom
     aanduiding, DK: metronomtal, S: metronomangivelse, FI:
     metronomiosoitus.

     Exact tempo indication (in beats per minute).  Also denoted by
     M.M. (Ma"lzels Metronom).

`mezzo-soprano'
     ES: mezzo soprano, I: mezzo-soprano, F: mezzo-soprano, D:
     Mezzosopran, NL: mezzosopraan, DK: mezzosopran, S: mezzosopran,
     FI: mezzosopraano.

     The female voice between -> soprano and -> contralto.

`middle C'
     ES: do central, I: do centrale, F: do central, D:
     eingestrichenes c, NL: centrale c, DK: enstreget c, S:
     ettstruket c, FI: keski-C.

     First C below the 440 Hz A.



`minor'
     ES: menor, I: minore, F: mode mineur, D: Moll, NL: mineur, DK: mol,
     S: moll, FI: molli.

     -> diatonic scale.

`minor interval'
     ES: intervalo mayor, I: intervallo minore, F: intervalle mineur,
     D: kleines Intervall, NL: klein interval, DK: lille interval, S:
     litet intervall, FI: pieni intervalli.

     -> interval.

`mode'
     ES: modo, I: modo, F: mode, D: Modus, NL: modus, DK: skala, S:
     modus, skala, FI: moodi, kirkkosa"velasteikko.

     -> church mode, -> diatonic scale.

`modulation'
     ES: modulacio'n, I: modulazione, F: modulation, D: Modulation, NL:
     modulatie, DK: modulation, S: modulering, FI: modulaatio,
     sa"vellajin vaihdos.

     Moving from one -> key to another.  For example, the second
     subject of a -> sonata form movement modulates to the dominant key
     if the key is major and to the -> relative key if the key is minor.

`mordent'
     I: mordente, F: mordant, D: Mordent, NL: mordent, DK: mordent, S:
     mordent, FI: mordent, korukuvio.

     -> ornament.

`motive; motif'
     ES: tema, I: inciso, F: incise, D: Motiv, NL: motief, DK: motiv,
     S: motiv, FI: teema, sa"velaihe.

     The briefest intelligible and self-contained fragment of a musical
     theme or subject.



`movement'
     ES: movimiento, I: movimento, F: mouvement, D: Satz, NL: deel, DK:
     sats, S: sats, FI: osa.

     Greater musical works like -> symphony and -> sonata most often
     consist of several - more or less - independant pieces called
     movements.

`multibar rest'
     ES: compases de espera, I: pausa multipla, F: pause multiple, NL:
     meermaats rust, D: mehrtaktige Pause, DK: flertaktspause, S:
     flertaktspaus, FI: usean tahdin mittainen tauko.



`mixolydian mode'
     -> diatonic scale.

`natural sign'
     ES: becuadro, I: bequadro, F: be'carre, D: Auflo"sungszeichen, NL:
     herstellingsteken, DK: opl/osningstegn, S: aatersta"llningstecken,
     FI: palautusmerkki.

     -> accidental.

`neighbour tones'
     -> appoggiatura.

`ninth'
     ES: novena, I: nona, F: neuvie`me, D: None, NL: noon, DK: none, S:
     nona, FI: nooni.

     -> interval.

`non-legato'
     -> legato.

`note'
     ES: nota, I: nota, F: note, D: Note, NL: noot, DK: node, S: not,
     FI: nuotti.

     Notes are signs by means of which music is fixed in writing.  The
     term is also used for the sound indicated by a note, and even for
     the key of the piano which produces the sound.  However, a clear
     distinction between the terms tone and -> note is strongly
     recommended.  Briefly, one sees a note, and hears a tone.

`note head'
     ES: oval, I: testa, testina, capocchia, F: te^te de la note, D:
     Notenkopf, NL: nootballetje, DK: nodehovede, S: nothuvud, FI:
     nuotin pa"a".

     A head like sign which indicates pitch by its position on a
     -> staff provided with a -> clef, and duration by a variety of
     shapes such as hollow or black heads with or without -> stems,
     -> flags, etc.  For percussion instruments (often having no
     defined pitch) the note head may indicate the instrument.

`note value'
     ES: valor, I: valore, durata, F: dure'e, valeur (d'une note), D:
     Notenwert, NL: nootwaarde, DK nodevaerdi, S: notva"rde, FI: nuotin
     aika-arvo.

     Note values (durations) are measured as fractions, normally 1/2,
     of the next higher note value.  The longest duration normally used
     is called _brevis_, but sometimes (mostly in pre baroque music)
     the double length note value _longa_ is used.





     An augmentation dot after a note multiplies the duration by one
     and a half.  Another dot adds yet a fourth of the duration.



     Alternatively note values may be subdivided by other ratios.  Most
     common is subdivision by 3 (_triplets_) and 5 (_quintuplets_).
     Subdivisions by 2 (_tuplets_) or 4 (_quadruplets_) of dotted notes
     are also frequently used.





`octave sign'
     -> G clef, -> F clef.

`octave'
     ES: octava, I: ottava, F: octave, D: Oktave, NL: octaaf, DK: oktav,
     S: oktav, FI: oktaavi.

     -> interval.

`ornament; embellishment; accessory'
     ES: adorno, I: abbellimento, fioriture, F: agre'ment, ornement, D:
     Verzierung, Ornament, NL: versiering, DK: forsiring, S: ornament,
     FI: koru, hele.

     Most commonly used is the _trill_, the rapid alternation of a
     given note with the diatonic -> second above it.  In the music
     from the middle of the 19th century and onwards the trill is
     performed with the main note first while in the music from the
     preceding baroque and classic periods the upper note is played
     first.



     Other frequently used ornaments are the _turn_, the _mordent_ and
     the _prall_ (inverted mordent).



     -> appoggiatura.

`ossia'
     ES: ossia, I: ossia, F: ossia, D: Ossia, NL: alternatief, DK:
     ossia, S: ossia, FI: ossia, vaihtoehtoinen esitystapa.

     Ossia (otherwise) marks an alternative.  It is an added staff or
     piano score, usually only a few measures long, which presents
     another version of the music, for example for small hands.

`part'
     ES: parte, I: voce, parte, F: partie, D: Stimme, NL: partij, DK:
     stemme, S: sta"mma, FI: stemma, instrumenttiosuus.

     1. In instrumental or choral music the music for the single
     instrument or voice.  2. in contrapuntal music -> counterpoint the
     single melodic line of the contrapunctal web.

`percussion'
     ES: percusio'n, I: percussioni, F: percussion, D: Schlagzeug,
     Schlagwerk, NL: slagwerk, DK: slagt/oj, S: slagverk, FI:
     lyo"ma"soittimet.

     A family of musical instruments which are played on by striking or
     shaking.  Percussion instruments commonly used in a symphony
     orchestra are kettledrums (I: _timpani_, D: _Pauken_), snare drum,
     bass drum, tambourine, cymbals, chinese gong (tam-tam), triangle,
     celesta, glockenspiel, and xylophone.

`perfect interval'
     ES: intervalo justo, I: intervallo giusto, F: intervalle juste, D:
     reines Intervall, NL: rein interval, DK: rent interval, S: rent
     intervall, FI: puhdas intervalli.

     -> interval.

`phrase'
     ES: frase, I: frase, F: phrase, D: Phrase, NL: frase, zin, DK:
     frase, S: fras, FI: fraasi, lause.

     A natural division of the melodic line, comparable to a sentence
     of speech.

`phrasing'
     ES: fraseo, I: fraseggio, F: phrase', D: Phrasierung, NL:
     frasering, DK: frasering, S: frasering, FI: fraseeraus,
     ja"senta"minen.

     The clear rendering in musical performance of the -> phrases of
     the melody.  Phrasing may be indicated by a -> slur.

`piano'
     ES: piano, I: piano, F: piano, D: piano, leise, NL: piano, DK:
     piano, S: piano, FI, piano, hiljaa,

     _piano_ (p) soft, _pianissimo_ (pp) very soft, _mezzopiano_ (mp)
     medium soft.

`pitch'
     ES: altura, I: altezza, F: hauteur, D: Tonho"he, NL: toonhoogte,
     DK: toneh/ojde, S: tonho"jd, FI: sa"velkorkeus.

`pizzicato'
     ES: pizzicato, I: pizzicato, F: pizzicato, D: pizzicato, NL:
     pizzicato, getokkeld, DK: pizzicato, S: pizzicato, FI: pizzicato,
     na"ppa"illen.

     Play by plucking the strings.

`polyphony'
     ES: polifoni'a, I: polifonia, F: polyphonie, D: Polyphonie, NL:
     polyfonie, DK: polyfoni, S: polyfoni, FI: polyfonia,
     monia"a"nisyys.

     Music written in a combination of several simultaneous voices
     (parts) of a more or less pronounced individuality.
     -> counterpoint.

`portato'
     -> legato.

`presto'
     ES: presto, I: presto, F: presto, D: Presto, Sehr schnell, NL:
     presto, Sehr schnell, DK: presto, S: presto, FI: presto, hyvin
     nopeasti.

     Very quick, i.e. quicker than -> allegro.  _prestissimo_ denotes
     the highest possible degree of speed.

`Pythagorean comma'
     ES: coma pitago'rico, I: comma pitagorico, F: comma pythagoricien,
     D: Pythagora"isches Komma, NL: komma van Pythagoras, DK:
     pythagoraeisk komma, S: pytagoreiskt komma, FI: pytagorinen komma.

     A sequence of fifths starting on C eventually circles back to C,
     but this C, obtained by adding 12 fifths, is 247 octaves.  The
     difference between those two pitches is called the Pythagorean
     comma.

`quadruplet'
     ES: cuatrillo, I: quartina, F: quartolet, D: Quartole, NL:
     kwartool, DK: kvartol, S: kvartol, FI: kvartoli.

     -> note value.

`quarter note'
     ES: negra, I: semiminima, nera, F: noire, UK: crotchet, D:
     Viertel, Viertelnote, NL: kwartnoot, DK: fjerdedelsnode, S:
     fja"rdedelsnot, FI: nelja"nnesosanuotti.

     -> note value.

`quarter rest'
     ES: silencio de negra, I: pausa di semiminima, F: soupir, UK:
     crotchet rest, D: Viertelpause, NL: kwart rust,
     DK: fjerdedelspause, S: fja"rdedelspaus, FI: nelja"nnesosatauko.

     -> note value.

`quintuplet'
     ES: quintillo, I: quintina, F: quintolet, D: Quintole, NL:
     kwintool, DK: kvintol, S: kvintol, FI: kvintoli.

     -> note value.

`rallentando'
     ES: rallentando, I: rallentando, F: rallentando, D: rallentando,
     langsamer werden, NL: rallentando, DK: rallentando, S: rallentando,
     FI. rallerdando, hidastuen,

     Abbreviation "rall.".  -> ritardando.

`relative key'
     ES: relativa, I: tonalita` relativa, F: tonalite' relative, D:
     Paralleltonart, NL: paralleltoonsoort, DK: paralleltoneart, S:
     parallelltonart, FI: rinnakkaissa"vellaji.

     -> major and -> minor -> key with the same -> key signature.





`repeat'
     ES: barra de repeticio'n, I: ritornello, F: barre de reprise, D:
     Wiederholung, NL: herhaling, DK: gentagelse, S: repris, FI: toisto.



`rest'
     ES: silencio, I: pausa, F: silence, D: Pause, NL: rust, DK: pause,
     S: paus, FI: tauko.

     -> note value.

`rhythm'
     ES: ritmo, I: ritmo, F: rythme, D: Rhythmus, NL: ritme, DK: rytme,
     S: rytm, FI: rytmi.

     (a) Metrical rhythm in which every time value is a multiple or
     fraction of a fixed unit of time, called -> beat, and in which the
     normal -> accent recurs in regular intervals, called -> measure.
     The basic scheme scheme of time values is called -> meter.  (b)
     Measured rhythm which lacks regularly recurrent accent.  In modern
     notation such music appears as a free alternation of different
     measures.  (c) Free rhythm, i.e., the use of temporal values having
     no common metrical unit (beat).

`ritardando'
     ES: retardando, I: ritardando, F: ritardando, D: Ritardando,
     langsamer werden, NL: ritardando, DK: ritardando, S: ritardando,
     FI. ritardando, hidastuen,

     Gradually slackening in speed.  Mostly abbreviated to rit. or
     ritard.

`ritenuto'
     ES: ritenuto, I: ritenuto, F: ritenuto, D: Ritenuto, NL: ritenuto,
     DK: ritenuto, S: ritenuto, FI: ritenuto, hidastaen.

     Immediate reduction of speed.

`scale'
     ES: escala, I: scala, F: gamme, D: Tonleiter, NL: toonladder, DK:
     Skala, S: skala, FI: asteikko, sa"velasteikko.

     -> diatonic scale.

`scale degree'
     ES: grados de la escala, I: grado della scala, F: degre' [de la
     gamme], D: Tonleiterstufe, NL: trap [van de toonladder], DK:
     skalatrin, S: skalsteg (?), FI: sa"velaste, asteikon sa"vel.

     Names and symbols used in harmonic analysis to denote tones of the
     scale as roots of chords.  The most important are degrees I =
     tonic (T), IV = subdominant (S) and V = dominant (D).



     -> functional harmony.

`score'
     ES: partitura, I: partitura, F: partition, D: Partitur (full
     score), Klavierauszug (vocal score) NL: partituur, DK: partitur,
     S: partitur, FI: partituuri.

     A copy of orchestral, choral or chamber music showing what each
     instrument is to play, each voice to sing, having each part
     arranged one underneath the other on different staves -> staff.

`second'
     ES: segunda, I: secunda, F: seconde, D: Sekund, NL: secunde, DK:
     sekund, S: sekund, FI: sekunti.

     The -> interval between two neigbouring tones of a scale.  A
     -> diatonic scale consists of alternating -> semitones and
     -> whole tones, hence the size of a second depends on the scale
     degrees in question.

`semitone'
     ES: semitono, I: semitono, F: demi-ton, D: Halbton, NL: halve toon,
     DK: halvtone, S: halvton, FI: puolisa"vel.

     The -> interval of a minor second.  The (usually) smallest
     interval in European composed music.  The interval between two
     neighbouring tones on the piano keyboard - including black and
     white keys - is a semitone.  An octave may be divided into
     12 semitones.  -> interval, -> chromatic scale.



`seventh'
     ES: se'ptima, I: settima, F: septie`me, D: Septime, NL: septiem,
     DK: septim, S: septim, FI: septimi.

     -> interval.

`sextuplet, sextolet sextolet'
     I: sestina, F: sextolet, D: Sextole, NL: sextool, DK: sekstol, S:
     sextol, FI: sekstoli.

     -> note value.

`sharp'
     ES: sostenido, I: diesis, F: die`se, D: Kreuz, NL: kruis, DK:
     kryds, S: korsfo"rtecken, FI: korotusmerkki.

     -> accidental.

`short appoggiatura'
     -> appoggiatura.

`sixteenth note'
     ES: semicorchea, I: semicroma, F: double croche, UK: semiquaver,
     D: Sechzehntel, Sechzehntelnote, NL: zestiende noot, DK:
     sekstendedelsnode, S: sextondelsnot, FI: kuudestoistaosanuotti.

     -> note value.

`sixteenth rest'
     ES: silencia de semicorchea, I: pausa di semicroma, F: quart de
     soupir, UK: semiquaver rest, D: Sechzehntelpause, NL: zestiende
     rust, DK: sekstendedelspause, S: sextondelspaus, FI:
     kuudesosatauko.

     -> note value.

`sixth'
     ES: sexta, I: sesta, F: sixte, D: Sexte, NL: sext, DK: sekst, S:
     sext, FI: seksti.

     -> interval.

`sixty-fourth note'
     ES: semifusa, I: semibiscroma, F: quadruple croche, UK:
     hemidemisemiquaver, D: Vierundsechzigstel, Vierundsechzigstelnote,
     NL: vierenzestigste noot, DK: fireogtredsindstyvendedelsnode, S:
     sextiofja"rdedelsnot, FI: kuudeskymmenesnelja"sosanuotti.

     -> note value.

`sixty-fourth rest'
     ES: silencia de semifusa, I: pausa di semibiscroma, F: seizie`me
     de soupir, UK: hemidemisemiquaver rest, D: Vierundsechzigstelpause,
     NL: vierenzestigste rust, DK: fireogtredsindstyvendedelspause, S:
     sextiofja"rdedelspaus, FI: kuudeskymmenesnelja"sosatauko.

     -> note value.

`slur'
     ES: ligadura, I: legatura (di portamento or espressiva), F:
     liaison, coule', D: Bogen, Legatobogen, Phrasierungsbogen, NL:
     fraseringsboog, legatoboog, streekboog, DK: legatobue,
     fraseringsbue, S: baage, FI: kaari.

     A slur above or below a group of notes indicates that they are to
     be played -> legato, e.g., with one stroke of the violin bow or
     with one breath in singing.

`solmization'
     I: solmisazione, F: solmisation, D: Solmisation, NL: solmizatie,
     DK: solmisation, S: solmisation, FI: suhteelliset laulunimet.

     General term for systems of designating the degrees of the
     -> scale, not by letters, but by syllables (_do_ (_ut_), _re_,
     _mi_, _fa_, _sol_, _la_, _si_ (_ti_)).  -> scale degree.

`sonata'
     ES: sonata, I: sonata, F: sonate, D: Sonate, NL: sonate, DK:
     sonate, S: sonat, FI: sonaatti.

     In its present-day meaning a sonata denotes an instrumental
     composition for piano or for some other instrument with piano
     accompaniment, which consists of three or four independant pieces,
     called movements.

`sonata form'
     ES: forma sonata, I: forma sonata, F: [en] forme de sonate, D:
     Sonatenform, NL: hoofdvorm, sonatevorm, DK: sonateform, S:
     sonatform, FI: sonaattimuoto.

     A form used frequently for single movements of the -> sonata,
     -> symphony, quartet, etc.  A movement written in sonata form
     falls into three sections called _exposition_, _development_ and
     _recapitulation_.  In the exposition the composer introduces his
     musical ideas, consisting of a number of themes; in the
     development section he "develops" this material, and in the
     recapitulation he repeats the exposition, with certain
     modifications, however.  The exposition contains a number of themes
     which fall into two groups, often called first and second subject.
     Other melodies occurring in each group are considered as
     continuations of these two.  The second theme is in another key,
     normally in the key of the -> dominant if the -> tonic is
     -> major, and in the -> relative key if the tonic is -> minor.

`soprano'
     ES: soprano, I: soprano, F: soprano, D: Sopran, NL: sopraan, DK:
     sopran, S: sopran, FI: sopraano, korkea naisa"a"ni.

     The highest female voice.

`staccato'
     ES: staccato, I: staccato, F: staccato, pique', de'tache', D:
     staccato, NL: staccato, DK: staccato, S: staccato, FI: staccato,
     lyhyesti, tera"va"sti.

     Playing the note(s) short.  Staccato is indicated by a dot above
     or below the note head.



`staff'
     ES: pentagrama, I: pentagramma, rigo (musicale), F: porte'e, D:
     Notenzeile, NL: (noten)balk, partij, DK: nodesystem, S: notsystem,
     FI: nuottiviivasto.

     pl. staves.  A series of (normally 5) horizontal lines upon and
     between which the musical notes are written, thus indicating (in
     connection with a -> clef) their pitch.  Staves for -> percussion
     instruments may have fewer lines.

`stem'
     ES: plica, I: gamba, F: queue, D: Hals, Notenhals, Stiel, NL: stok,
     DK: hals, S: skaft, FI: nuottipalkki.

     Vertical line above or below a -> note head shorter than a whole
     note.  -> beam.



`strings'
     ES: arcos, cuerdas, I: archi, F: cordes, D: Streicher, NL:
     strijkers, DK: strygere, S: straakar, FI: jouset.

     A family of stringed musical instruments played with a bow.
     Strings commonly used in a symphony orchestra are violin, viola,
     violoncello, and double bass.

`strong beat'
     ES: tiempo fuerte, I: tempo forte, F: temps fort, D: betonter
     Taktteil oder Taktschlag, NL: thesis, D: betonet taktslag, S:
     betonat taktslag, FI: tahdin vahva isku.

     -> beat, -> accent, -> measure, -> rhythm.

`subdominant'
     ES: subdominante, I: sottodominante, F: sous-dominante, D:
     Subdominante, NL: subdominant, DK: subdominant, S: subdominant,
     FI: subdominantti, alidominantti.

     The fourth -> scale degree.  -> functional harmony.

`submediant'
     ES: superdominante, I: sopratonica, F: sous-me'diante, D:
     Submediante, NL: submediant, DK: Submediant, S: submediant, FI:
     alikeskisa"vel.

     The sixth -> scale degree.

`subtonic'
     ES: sensible, I: sottotonica, F: sous-tonique, D: Subtonika, NL:
     subtonica, DK: Subtonika, S: subtonika, FI: subtoonika, alitoonika.

     The seventh -> scale degree.

`superdominant'
     ES: superdominante, I: sopradominante, F: sus-dominante, D:
     Superdominante, NL: superdominant, DK: superdominant, S:
     superdominant, FI: ylidominantti.

     The sixth -> scale degree.

`supertonic'
     ES: superto'nica, I: sopratonica, F: sus-tonique, D: Supertonika,
     NL: supertonica, DK: supertonika, S: supertonika, FI: ylitoonika.

     The second -> scale degree.

`symphony'
     ES: sinfoni'a, I: sinfonia, F: symphonie, D: Sinfonie, Symphonie,
     NL: symfonie, DK: symfoni, S: symfoni, FI: sinfonia.

     A symphony may be defined as a -> sonata for orchestra.

`syncopation'
     ES: sincopado, I: sincope, F: syncope, D: Synkope, NL: syncope,
     DK: synkope, S: synkop, FI: synkooppi.

     Any deliberate upsetting of the normal pulse of -> meter,
     -> accent and -> rhythm.  Our system of musical rhythm rests upon
     the grouping of equal beats into groups of two or three, with a
     regularly recurrent accent on the first beat of each group.  Any
     deviation from this scheme is felt as a disturbance or
     contradiction between the underlaying (normal) pulse and the
     actual (abnormal) rhythm.



`syntonic comma; dydimic comma'
     I: comma sintonico (o didimico), F: comma syntonique, D:
     syntonisches Komma, NL: syntonische komma, DK: syntonisk komma, S:
     syntoniskt komma, FI: syntoninen komma, terssin taajuusero
     luonnollisessa ja Pytagorisessa viritysja"rjestelma"ssa".

     Difference between the natural third and the third obtained by
     Pythagorean tuning (-> Pythagorean comma), equal to 22 cents.

`system'
     I: accollatura, F: syste`me, D: Notensystem, NL: systeem, DK:
     system, S: system, FI: nuottija"rjestelma".

     The collection of staves -> staff, two or more, as used for
     writing down of keyboard, chamber, choral, or orchestral music.

`temperament'
     ES: temperamento, I: temperamento, F: tempe'rament, D: Stimmung,
     Temperatur, NL: stemming, temperatuur, DK: temperatur, S:
     temperatur, FI: viritysja"rjestelma".

     Systems of tuning in which the intervals deviate from the
     acoustically pure intervals.  -> meantone temperament,
     -> equal temperament.

`tempo indication'
     ES: indicacio'n de tempo, I: indicazione di tempo, F: indication
     de temps, D: Zeitmass, Tempobezeichnung, NL: tempo aanduiding, DK:
     tempobetegelse, S: tempobeteckning, FI: tempomerkinta".

     The rate of speed of a composition or a section thereof, ranging
     from the slowest to the quickest, as is indicated by tempo marks as
     -> largo, -> adagio, -> andante, -> allegro, and -> presto.

`tenor'
     ES: tenor, I: tenore, F: te'nor, D: Tenor, NL: tenor, DK: tenor,
     S: tenor, FI: tenori, korkea miesa"a"ni.

     The highest voice of men (apart from -> counter tenor).

`tenth'
     ES: de'cima, I: decima, F: dixie`me, D: Dezime, NL: deciem, DK:
     decim, S: decima, FI: desimi.

     -> note value.

`third'
     ES: tercera, I: terza, F: tierce, D: Terz, NL: terts, DK: terts,
     S: ters, FI: terssi.

     -> interval.

`thirty-second note'
     ES: fusa, I: biscroma, F: triple croche, UK: demisemiquaver, D:
     Zweiunddreissigstel, Zweiunddreissigstelnote, NL: twee-endertigste
     noot, DK: toogtredivtedelsnode, S: trettiotvaaondelsnot, FI:
     kolmanneskymmeneskahdesosanuotti.

     -> note value.

`thirty-second rest'
     ES: silencio de fusa, I: pausa di biscroma, F: huitie`me de soupir,
     UK: demisemiquaver rest, D: Zweiunddreissigstelpause, NL: 32e rust,
     DK: toogtredivtedelspause, S: trettiotvaaondelspaus, FI:
     kolmanneskymmeneskahdesosatauko.

     -> note value.

`thorough bass; figured bass'
     ES: bajo cifrado, I: basso continuo, basso numerato, F: basse
     chiffre'e, D: Generalbass, bezifferter Bass, NL: basso continuo,
     becijferde bas DK: generalbas, S: generalbas, FI: kenraalibasso,
     numeroitu basso.

     A method of indicating an accompaniment part by the bass notes
     only, together with figures designating the chief -> intervals and
     -> chords to be played above the bass notes.



`tie; bind'
     ES: ligadura de prolongacio'n, I: legatura (di valore), F: liaison,
     D: Haltebogen, NL: overbinding, bindingsboog, DK: bindebue, S:
     bindebaage, o"verbindning, FI: sitominen.

     A curved line, identical in appearance with the -> slur, which
     connects two succesive notes of the same pitch, and which has the
     function of uniting them into a single sound equal to the combined
     durations.



`time signature'
     ES: cifra indicadora de compa's, I: segni di tempo, F: chiffrage
     (chiffres indicateurs), signe de valeur, D: Taktangabe, Angabe der
     Taktart, NL: maatsoort, DK: taktangivelse, S: taktartssignatur,
     FI: tahtiosoitus.

     -> meter.

`tone'
     ES: sonido, I: suono, F: ton, D: Ton, NL: toon, DK: tone, S: ton,
     FI: a"a"ni.

     A sound of definite pitch and duration, as distinct from _noise_.
     Tone is a primary building material of music.  Music from the 20th
     century may be based on non tone related sounds.

`tonic'
     ES: tonica, I: tonica, F: tonique, D: Tonika, NL: tonica, DK:
     tonika, S: tonika, FI: toonika.

     The first -> scale degree.  -> functional harmony.

`transposition'
     ES: transposicio'n, I: trasposizione, F: transposition, D:
     Transposition, NL: transpositie, DK: transposition, S:
     transponering, FI: transponointi.

     Shifting a melody up or down in pitch, while keeping the same
     relative pitches.





`treble clef'
     ES: clave de sol, I: chiave di violino, F: cle' de sol, D:
     Violinschlu"ssel, Sopranschlu"ssel, NL: viool sleutel,
     DK: diskantn/ogle, S: diskantklav, FI: diskanttiavain.

     -> G clef.

`tremolo'
     ES: tremolo, I: tremolo, F: tre'molo, D: Tremolo, NL: tremolo, DK:
     tremolo, S: tremolo, FI: tremolo.

     On stringed instruments (-> strings) the quick reiteration of the
     same tone, produced by a rapid up-and-down movement movement of
     the bow (a).  The term is also used for the rapid alternation (b)
     between two notes of a -> chord, usually in the distance of a third
     (-> interval).



`triad'
     ES: tri'ada, I: triade, F: triade, accord parfait, accord de trois
     sons, D: Dreiklang, NL: drieklank, DK: treklang, S: treklang, FI:
     kolmisointu.

     -> chord.

`trill; shake'
     ES: trino, I: trillo, F: trille, tremblement, battement (cadence),
     D: Triller, NL: triller, DK: trille, S: drill, FI: trilli.

     -> ornament.

`triple meter'
     ES: compa's compuesto, I: tempo ternario, F: mesure ternaire, D:
     in drei, NL: driedelige maatsoort, DK: tredelt takt, S: tretakt,
     FI: kolmijakoinen.

     -> meter.

`triplet'
     ES: tresillo, I: terzina, F: triolet, D: Triole, NL: triool, DK:
     triol, S: triol, FI: trioli.

     -> note value.

`tritone'
     ES: tri'tono, I: tritono, F: triton, D: Tritonus, NL: tritoon, DK:
     tritonus, S: tritonus, FI: tritonus.

     -> interval.

`tuning fork'
     ES: diapaso'n, I: diapason, corista, F: diapason, D: Stimmgabel,
     NL: stemvork, DK: stemmegaffel, S: sta"mgaffel, FI: viritysavain.

     A two-pronged piece of steel used to indicate absolute pitch.
     Tuning forks give the international pitch for the tone _a_ (440
     vibrations per second.)

`turn; gruppetto'
     ES: grupo, I: gruppetto, F: grupetto, D: Doppelschlag, NL:
     dubbelslag, DK: dobbeltslag, S: dubbelslag, FI: korukuvio.

     ???

`unison'
     ES: uni'sono, I: unisono, F: unisson, D: unisono, NL: unisono, DK:
     unison, S: unison, FI: unisono, yksia"a"nisesti.

     Playing of the same notes or the same melody by various
     instruments (voices) or by the whole orchestra (choir), either at
     exactly the same pitch or in a different octave.

`upbeat'
     ES: entrada anacru'sica, I: anacrusi, F: anacrouse, leve'e, D:
     Auftakt, NL: opmaat, DK: optakt, S: upptakt, FI: kohotahti.

     Initial note(s) of a melody occurring before the first bar line.
     -> measure, -> meter.



`voice'
     ES: voz, I: voce, F: voix, D: Stimme, NL: stem, DK: stemme, S:
     sta"mma, FI: a"a"ni, laulua"a"ni.

     1. Human voices: -> soprano, -> mezzo-soprano, -> contralto,
     -> tenor, -> baritone, -> bass.  2. A melodic layer or part of a
     polyphonic composition.

`weak beat'
     ES: tiempo de'bil, I: tempo debole, arsi, F: temps faible, D:
     unbetonter Taktteil oder Taktschlag, NL: arsis, DK: ubetonet
     taktslag, S: obetonat taktslag, FI: tahdin heikko isku.

     -> beat, -> measure, -> rhythm.

`whole note'
     ES: redonda, I: semibreve, F: ronde, UK: semibreve, D: Ganze,
     ganze Note, NL: hele noot, DK: helnode, S: helnot, FI: kokonuotti.

     -> note value.

`whole rest'
     ES: silencio de redonda, I: pausa di semibreve, F: pause, UK:
     semibreve rest, D: ganze Pause, ganztaktige Pause, NL: hele rust,
     DK: helnodespause, S: helpaus, FI: kokotauko.

     -> note value.

`whole tone'
     ES: tono, I: tono intero, F: ton entier, D: Ganzton, NL: hele toon,
     DK: heltone, S: helton, FI: kokoaskel.

     The -> interval of a major second.  The interval between two tones
     on the piano keyboard with exactly one key between them - including
     black and white keys - is a whole tone.

`woodwind'
     ES: maderas, I: legni, F: les bois, D: Holzbla"ser, NL:
     houtblazers, DK traeblaesere, S: tra"blaasare, FI: puupuhaltimet.

     A family of blown wooden musical instruments.  Today some of these
     instruments are actually made from metal.  The woodwind
     instruments commonly used in a symphony orchestra are flute, oboe,
     clarinet, saxophone, and bassoon.


`DURATION NAMES, NOTES AND RESTS'

        *UK*    *I*     *F*     *D*      *NL*   *DK*    *S*     *FI*    

*longa* longa   longa   longa   Longa   longa   longa   longa   longa   

*breve* breve   breve   bre`ve  Brevis   brevis brevis  brevis  brevis  

*whole* semibrevesemibreveronde    Ganze  hele    hel     hel     kokonuotti/-tauko

*half*  minim   minima  blanche Halbe    halve  halv    halv    puoli-  

*quarter*crotchetsemiminimanoire    Viertelkwart   fjerdedelfja"rdedelnelja"nnes-

*eighth*quaver  croma   croche  Achtel   achtsteottendedelaattondelkahdeksasosa-

*sixteenth*semiquaversemicromadouble  Sechzehntelzestiendesekstendedelsextondelkuudestoistaosa-
                        croche                                          

*thirty-second*demisemiquaverbiscroma triple Zweiunddreissigsteltwee-endertigstetoogtredivte-deltrettiotvaaondelkolmaskymmeneskahdesosa-
                        croche                                          

*sixty-fourth*hemidemisemiquaver semibiscromaquadrupleVierundsechzigstel vierenzestigstefireogtredsindstyvendedel sextiofja"rdedelkuudeskymmenesnelja"sosa-
                        croche                                          

`PITCH NAMES'

         *I*      *F*      *D*       *NL*    *DK*     *S*      *FI*     

*c*      do       ut       C        c        c        c        c        

*c-sharp*do       ut       Cis      cis       cis     cis      cis      
         diesis   die`se                                                

*d-flat* re       re'      Des      des       des     des      des      
         bemolle  be'mol                                                

*d*      re       re'      D        d        d        d        d        

*e*      mi       mi       E        e        e        e        e        

*f*      fa       fa       F        f        f        f        f        

*g*      sol      sol      G        g        g        g        g        

*a-flat* la       la       As       as       as       as       as       
         bemolle  be'mol                                                

*a*      la       la       A        a        a        a        a        

*a-sharp*la       la       Ais      ais       ais     ais      ais      
         diesis   die`se                                                

*b-flat* si       si       B        bes      b        b        b        
         bemolle  be'mol                                                

*b*      si       si       H        b        h        h        h        

`---------------------'

`Literature used'
     The Harvard Dictionary of Music, London 1944.  Many more or less
     literal quotes from its articles have been included into the item
     explanation texts.

     Hugo Riemanns Musiklexicon, Berlin 1929.

     Polyglottes Wo"rterbuch der musikalischen Terminologie, Kassel 1980
     Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English, Third
     Edition 1974.




Tag Table:
Node: Top352
Ref: A1477
Ref: accent1553
Ref: accidental1724
Ref: accelerando2176
Ref: adagio2403
Ref: allegro2779
Ref: alto3091
Ref: alto clef3467
Ref: ambit3746
Ref: ancient minor scale4125
Ref: andante4362
Ref: appoggiatura4536
Ref: arpeggio5182
Ref: ascending interval5401
Ref: augmented interval5711
Ref: autograph5973
Ref: B6402
Ref: backfall; forefall6490
Ref: backfall6490
Ref: bar line6524
Ref: bar6689
Ref: baritone6731
Ref: baritone clef6961
Ref: bass clef7284
Ref: bass7545
Ref: beam7785
Ref: beat8037
Ref: bind8370
Ref: brace8392
Ref: brass8756
Ref: breath mark9150
Ref: breve9394
Ref: C9589
Ref: C clef9665
Ref: cadence9895
Ref: cadenza10073
Ref: canon10545
Ref: cent10692
Ref: central C11011
Ref: chord11038
Ref: chromatic scale11712
Ref: chromaticism11983
Ref: church mode; ecclesiastical mode12219
Ref: church mode12219
Ref: clef12440
Ref: cluster12632
Ref: comma14117
Ref: common meter14404
Ref: compound interval14440
Ref: complement14736
Ref: conjunct movement14991
Ref: consonance15297
Ref: contralto15477
Ref: counterpoint15619
Ref: counter tenor16393
Ref: Copying16597
Ref: crescendo16988
Ref: cue-notes17272
Ref: custos17626
Ref: D18285
Ref: da capo18363
Ref: dal segno18692
Ref: decrescendo19011
Ref: descending interval19311
Ref: diatonic scale19641
Ref: diminished interval20399
Ref: diminuendo20660
Ref: disjunct movement20854
Ref: dissonant interval; dissonance21211
Ref: dissonant interval21211
Ref: dominant ninth chord21518
Ref: dominant seventh chord21793
Ref: dominant22104
Ref: dorian mode22313
Ref: dot (augmentation dot)22544
Ref: dotted note22711
Ref: double appoggiatura22934
Ref: double bar line23182
Ref: double dotted note23408
Ref: double flat23690
Ref: double sharp23878
Ref: double trill24079
Ref: duple meter24337
Ref: duplet24520
Ref: duration24648
Ref: dydimic comma24819
Ref: E24848
Ref: eighth note24929
Ref: eighth rest25130
Ref: engraving25355
Ref: enharmonic25854
Ref: equal temperament26132
Ref: expression mark26480
Ref: F26863
Ref: F clef26939
Ref: fermata27468
Ref: fifth27679
Ref: figured bass27814
Ref: fingering27868
Ref: flag28100
Ref: flat28420
Ref: forefall; backfall28568
Ref: forefall28568
Ref: forte28599
Ref: fourth28815
Ref: fugue28943
Ref: functional harmony29076
Ref: G29672
Ref: G clef29751
Ref: glissando30261
Ref: grace notes30478
Ref: grand staff30792
Ref: grave31043
Ref: half note31199
Ref: half rest31370
Ref: harmonic cadence31566
Ref: harmony31876
Ref: homophony32237
Ref: interval32547
Ref: inverted interval33058
Ref: just intonation33355
Ref: key33643
Ref: key signature33913
Ref: largo34251
Ref: leading note34510
Ref: ledger line; leger line34836
Ref: ledger line34836
Ref: legato35066
Ref: legato curve35365
Ref: lilypond35402
Ref: ligature35669
Ref: line36263
Ref: long appoggiatura36426
Ref: longa36662
Ref: lyrics; song texts36841
Ref: lyrics36841
Ref: major interval36931
Ref: major37145
Ref: meantone temperament37294
Ref: measure37819
Ref: mediant38179
Ref: melisma38561
Ref: melodic cadence38746
Ref: meter38778
Ref: metronome39446
Ref: metronomic indication39679
Ref: mezzo-soprano40009
Ref: middle C40237
Ref: minor40429
Ref: minor interval40570
Ref: mode40781
Ref: modulation40956
Ref: mordent41339
Ref: motive; motif41484
Ref: motive41484
Ref: movement41702
Ref: multibar rest41973
Ref: mixolydian mode42185
Ref: natural sign42225
Ref: neighbour tones42434
Ref: ninth42465
Ref: non-legato42592
Ref: note42616
Ref: note head43056
Ref: note value43555
Ref: octave sign44380
Ref: octave44417
Ref: ornament; embellishment; accessory44575
Ref: ornament44575
Ref: ossia45234
Ref: part45571
Ref: percussion45900
Ref: perfect interval46397
Ref: phrase46606
Ref: phrasing46813
Ref: piano47095
Ref: pitch47302
Ref: pizzicato47438
Ref: polyphony47643
Ref: portato47949
Ref: presto47975
Ref: Pythagorean comma48261
Ref: quadruplet48700
Ref: quarter note48855
Ref: quarter rest49067
Ref: quintuplet49292
Ref: rallentando49446
Ref: relative key49682
Ref: repeat49947
Ref: rest50100
Ref: rhythm50228
Ref: ritardando50869
Ref: ritenuto51130
Ref: scale51304
Ref: scale degree51468
Ref: score51908
Ref: second52292
Ref: semitone52637
Ref: seventh53089
Ref: sextuplet53242
Ref: sharp53379
Ref: short appoggiatura53539
Ref: sixteenth note53579
Ref: sixteenth rest53819
Ref: sixth54066
Ref: sixty-fourth note54199
Ref: sixty-fourth rest54507
Ref: slur54813
Ref: solmization55236
Ref: sonata55578
Ref: sonata form55924
Ref: soprano56971
Ref: staccato57142
Ref: staff57418
Ref: stem57842
Ref: strings58063
Ref: strong beat58368
Ref: subdominant58612
Ref: submediant58856
Ref: subtonic59054
Ref: superdominant59249
Ref: supertonic59462
Ref: symphony59650
Ref: syncopation59856
Ref: syntonic comma; dydimic comma60435
Ref: syntonic comma60435
Ref: system60842
Ref: temperament61108
Ref: tempo indication61455
Ref: tenor61876
Ref: tenth62063
Ref: third62197
Ref: thirty-second note62334
Ref: thirty-second rest62623
Ref: thorough bass; figured bass62921
Ref: thorough bass62921
Ref: tie; bind63356
Ref: tie63356
Ref: time signature63792
Ref: tone64050
Ref: tonic64345
Ref: transposition64523
Ref: treble clef64796
Ref: tremolo65008
Ref: triad65435
Ref: trill; shake65628
Ref: trill65628
Ref: triple meter65799
Ref: triplet65990
Ref: tritone66126
Ref: tuning fork66274
Ref: turn; gruppetto66600
Ref: turn66600
Ref: unison66748
Ref: upbeat67071
Ref: voice67313
Ref: weak beat67599
Ref: whole note67845
Ref: whole rest68019
Ref: whole tone68243
Ref: woodwind68563

End Tag Table
