// Copyright (C) 2020 The Qt Company Ltd.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: LicenseRef-Qt-Commercial OR GFDL-1.3-no-invariants-only
/*!
\page qt6-buildsystem.html
\title Build System Changes in Qt 6
\brief Changes in Qt 6 how Qt is built

A lot of the work that went into Qt 6 was related to how Qt and its modules are
built. The target was to make Qt future-proof by moving to a broadly-adopted,
popular build tool: \l{CMake Documentation}{CMake}. We also took the first steps
towards making Qt more modular by using \l{Conan} as a package manager for some
add-ons.

\section1 Building Qt from Sources

The Qt 5 build system was built on top of \l qmake. In Qt 6, we ported the build
system to CMake.

\note This only affects users that want to build Qt from sources. You can still
use qmake as a build tool for your applications.

It is possible to configure Qt directly from the command-line by invoking
\b{cmake}. However, we continue to recommend the \b configure command-line
tool, which provides an arguably nicer interface, and additional error-checking.

See also \l{Qt Configure Options} for an overview of the new configure API.

\section2 CMake, Ninja as External Dependencies

You need a recent version of \b{CMake} to configure and build Qt. For Qt 6.0,
we require \b{CMake 3.16}. Starting with Qt 6.2, we require \b{CMake 3.21} when
building Qt as static libraries. You must also have an up-to date version of
the \l{Ninja} tool installed.

Both CMake and Ninja are open source tools that can be installed by various
means. They are also available in the Qt Online installer.

See \l{Building Qt Sources} for a more detailed overview of the build
requirements on different platforms.

\section2 Selecting a Qt License

In Qt 5, configure required you to select whether you plan to use Qt under
commercial or open-source licenses. If you had multiple commercial licenses,
you also had to select the license you wished to use.

We removed both selections in Qt 6. The choice of licenses that are available
to you depends on any legal contracts you have with \l{The Qt Company}, not on
any artifacts.

The configure options \b{-opensource}, \b{-commercial}, and
\b{-confirm-license} are ignored in Qt 6, and might be removed in future
versions of Qt.

\section2 Re-running configure

You sometimes want to re-run configure to test different configure options. In
Qt 5, configure cached various information from the environment between runs,
but otherwise started from a clean state: You had to use \b{-redo}, or use the
\b{config.status} shell script, to reuse arguments from a previous run.
You also could use the \b{-recheck}, \b{-recheck-all} options to force a
re-evaluation of cached tests.

CMake and therefore configure in Qt 6 caches results even more aggressively.
Detected environment settings, but also selections done through other
command-line arguments, are stored in a file called \b{CMakeCache.txt}. If you
run configure with new options, the new options are merged into this file.
Delete the file to start from scratch. The configure options above are not
supported anymore.

\section2 Building only Parts of Qt

The build system of Qt 5 allowed you to run the build tool (for example \c make)
in a sub-directory to do a partial re-build.

CMake follows a different paradigm and requires you to build targets from the
top-level directory, taking into account the whole build. Use
\b{ninja -t targets} to see all available targets in the build.

\section2 Resolving Third-Party Libraries

One of the tasks of configure is to detect the availability of different
third-party packages in the environment. In Qt 5, configure optionally
used pkg-config for this, but was also using various compile-time tests.
These checks could be tweaked from the command line with various assignments
like \b{ICU_PREFIX}, \b{ICU_LIBS}, etc.

In Qt 6, configure relies on CMake to resolve dependencies. For most
dependencies, this requires the third-party library to provide a CMake package
in the CMake search path. You can use the \c{CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH} variable to
extend this path with custom locations.

Some dependencies like OpenSSL are also detected by logic within CMake:
If OpenSSL is not picked up, you might need to set the \c{OPENSSL_ROOT_DIR}
CMake variable so that it points to the installation directory.

\section2 Selecting the Toolchain

In Qt 5, configure used so-called mkspecs to specify both the build and
target platforms (\b{-platform}, \b{-xplatform}, and \b{-device} options).
CMake does not use these, but instead relies on environment checks, and
toolchain files (see also the
\l{https://cmake.org/cmake/help/latest/manual/cmake-toolchains.7.html}
{CMake-toolchains documentation}). The -platform, -xplatform options are still
available, but only used to set the defaults for the generated qmake tool.

\section2 Cross-Compiling Qt

Cross-compilation is the act of compiling code for one computer system (the
target) on a different system (the host). A build environment for
cross-compiling Qt applications requires Qt tools to be available on the host
(think of moc, rcc), as well as Qt libraries to be built for the target.

In Qt 5, configure allowed you to build the host tools as well as the target
tools and libraries in one step. In Qt 6, this is no longer supported. Instead,
you have to have Qt installed and running on the host before you can
cross-compile Qt to the target. The installed Qt must furthermore be the same
version as the one to be cross-compiled.

For more details on cross-compiling see \l{Configure an Embedded Linux Device},
\l{Qt for Android - Building from Source}, and
\l{Qt for iOS - Building from Source}.

\section1 Porting Qt Plugins and Additional Libraries

While qmake is still supported for building Qt applications, it can no longer
be used to compile custom Qt plugins, or libraries that rely on internals from
the Qt 5 build system. Such libraries or plugins must be ported to CMake for
use with Qt 6.

At the time of the release of Qt 6.0, the API for building custom Qt plugins
or libraries is still in tech preview, which means that it may still change in
future versions. A public stable API will be made available in a later Qt 6
release.

\section1 Build Additional Libraries through Conan

Some Qt modules in Qt 6 are no longer provided as binary packages in
the Qt online installer, but instead as Conan recipes. Conan is a
general-purpose software package manager for C and C++ developers. Just like
the build recipes of the modules, it is also made available in the Qt Online
Installer.

For an overview of the process, see
\l{https://www.qt.io/blog/qt-6-additional-libraries-via-package-manager}
{Qt 6 Additional Libraries via Package Manager}.

\section1 Related Topics
\list
\li \l {Changes to Qt Modules in Qt 6} - A list of API changes in Qt modules
\li \l {Changes to Supported Modules} - Status of Qt 5 modules in Qt 6.0
\li \l {Qt 5 and Qt 6 compatibility} - Building applications with both Qt 5
and Qt 6
\endlist
*/
