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*34C3 preroll music*

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Herald: Welcome everybody to our next
talk “Nabovarme open source heating

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infrastructure in Christiania”. So I would
like to know who of you has already been

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to Christiania, that little free state
in Copenhagen?

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That looks like maybe 60%
or something like that.

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Now, I have good or bad news for you,
depending on how you see it.

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If you mainly associate Christiania with
weed, there will be no mention of weed

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in this talk, whatsoever, after my
introduction, so tone down the expectations.

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But we will have a very interesting talk
about neighborhood heating,

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that’s what Nabovarme means,
I just learned it today. *laughs*

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So I would like to introduce our speakers,
but they will introduce themselves

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in a moment, too. We have
Emmerik, Johannes and Kristoffer.

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And I would like you to give them
a warm round of applause!

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*applause*

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Emmerik: Okay. Thank you very much
for coming here today and

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listening to us. I’m Emmerik.
Kristoffer: I’m Kristoffer.

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Johannes: And I’m Johannes.
Emmerik: And I will do the talking;

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I was elected to do the talking
by these good guys, and

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Kristoffer and Johannes will answer
questions afterwards and I ask you, please

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ask a lot of questions, because I think
we have a little extra spare time.

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Thank you!

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So what is Nabovarme? It’s actually

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a distributed central heating
system organization thing.

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And Nabovarme is a word

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for community heating. We have
several heating systems developed

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by the 14 local areas in Christiania.

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The basic of Christiania heating
has been pellets

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for the last 5 or 10 years. Pellets is

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these small things that you saw in the
beginning, that you had in the hands,

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let’s go back to this, see the pellets,
wooden pellets that you burn.

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We have a lot of common pellet
heating systems inside Christiania,

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those are the red dots, the large
red dots. And the small orange dots

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is local heaters in just one family.
And we have lots more

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small orange systems than you have
seen here, but we didn’t have time

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to put them in.
The history of heaters.

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We tried to find some good pictures
of the original Christiania

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oil barrel stove. But we couldn’t.
It’s difficult,

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they’re all gone. They burned through
back in the ’70s. So all we have

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are these on the left,
a very common old stove

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from the ’80s. Then we have
of course the oil heating system,

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number 2 from left, which was
common in the ’90s, and still is common

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somewhere in Christiania. Then
we have the Bekkasin oven, which is

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a popular oven in Denmark
for wood, for logs, and

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you see to the right a typical
Christiania installation, which is

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just a tube going through the side
of the building, and,

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you know, burning pellets inside and
smoke outside. Not very modern,

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not very efficient, and coming to its end.

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What we have done is we have
taken some very old meters

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when we installed… those meters,
when we installed some surveillance

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and monitoring on the pellet systems
that we have.

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Now we’re in the phase of combining
the users that had these oil heaters,

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the wood stoves, the small pellet heaters
into larger systems that perform better.

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And the central role for improvement is
logging the heat usage, and finding ways

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of making everyone pay the necessary
amount and pay it in time.

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The logging system consists
of these Multical 602,

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that was first. They were very old

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when we found them second hand, and
then we have improved them with the

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switch-mode power supply to the right,
in the right picture, and

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with a WiFi gadget in connection,
so making it into a smart meter.

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The billing and the heating on/off is
done through our custom made database.

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So remote logging makes maintenance much
easier and can over time improve the efficiency

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of the heating system. That can help the
users being more interested in taking part

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of the heating consumption problems
which is one of our time’s main

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global warming issues, you know.

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Well, our Nabovarme organizations
are organized into the communities.

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And in our most modern system every
user is using our newly developed

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prepaid consumption. You know,
before people would go down and buy

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some logs of wood. And then would go home
and burn them. When the burning ended

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they were cold. They felt the cool and
they went back, buy more logs, and

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heating it, again. So first you buy, then
you have the heat. The same model goes

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into our prepaid consumption: first you
pay for the heat and then you consumpt.

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And then when your use is over the valve
turns off. That is a very simple model

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and it means that there is no deficit
nowhere. That means organizing

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the receiving money in advance for heat
and inserting the equivalent amount

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of energy into the system database. When
the user has consumed what he’s paid for

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the module automatically turns off
the valve to the user.

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The thing is that Christiania was founded
as on top of an old military base

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which is actually coming back to 1680s,

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when the city of Copenhagen was defending
itself against the Swedes, the German

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and the English. That data base
was left in the 1960s,

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and was just empty as you
see it on this old photo.

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In 2011 the government of Denmark

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won a lawsuit against Christiania.
That means that the free town was forced

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to follow the regulations of Denmark.
At the same time Christiania was declared

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legal, and that resulted in that
the local people in Christiania

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wanted to improve their
house standards much more

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than was used to before. So they put in
investments in our infrastructure

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and in our houses on a longer
time horizon; now we invest up to

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30 years in advance, and that’s the whole
difference than before, when it was just

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for 1 or 2 years people would
climb up something.

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The whole infrastructure
is changing in these years.

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Christiania is quite large.
It’s 46 years old,

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and it has almost 1.000 inhabitants.
Actually the 900 that you see here

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are the inhabitants that we know of.
But there are many people that just live

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there, without having a place to stay.
That means that they change rooms,

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they sleep on sofas, they kind of
roam around within the community.

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So there may well be a thousand, I don’t
know. There are at least 265 houses

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and 24 hectares of land.

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There is a heating construction.

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It’s a very easy kind of.

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You burn pellets. That’s it.
But when you extend this

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to larger systems it can be quite complex.

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The pellet burners are difficult to keep
in steady production. But they’re cheap

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and can be handled by the local users.
Special effort has been done

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to ensure that the heating system
keeps running smoothly all the time by

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constantly improving the heaters and the
steering units, that’s the left picture.

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You see: there are some yellow
add-ons on top and bottom

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and those are added-on to an existing
heating system that we have bought.

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We have added air pressure to ensure that
the ashes are blown away from the heaters’

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surface at regular intervals.
And that you can see on the left picture

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on the blue tubes. And we’re planning to
add scrubbers to clean the flue gas.

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That means you have…
when the smoke comes out of the chimney

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you have a problem with pollution, and we
want to take the pollution out of the gas.

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And this is yet to come but we’re
in the process of doing that as well.

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We’re now engaged in improving the
logging by the use of the Kamstrup meters

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you see in the center top picture
and use Raspberry Pi’s as well

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to monitor the steering units.
That’s the bottom picture.

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That’s coming out of a Raspberry
Pi. We are fortunate to have

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several LANs running inside
Christiania. Those we can use

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for propagating the samples and monitor
them, that’s the right picture here.

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So you see all these green points
are actually WiFi spots.

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A typical Nabovarme installation consists
of a heating production center,

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some heating consumers, some WiFi
infrastructure and a web portal used

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for plotting consumption and accounting.
Well, the back…

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when we started off the Kamstrup
solution meters, they were

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not very smart, they could
actually take care

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of the metering of consumers
but we in the city lack the ability

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to gather these samples for later
accounting. So the Kamstrup company

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had some solutions for smart metering
which supports multiple protocols:

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we have the Wireless M-Bus, the Zigbee
and many more protocols,

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but there was no WiFi.
That meant to us that investing

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in a new infrastructure for just metering
was very costly and unnecessary.

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Their solutions required a new
infrastructure for propagation and

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data gathering and the need for
certified electricians to install it.

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The Kamstrup solutions also required a
subscription plan in order to gain access

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to our own data and we
did not like that. So,

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nowadays, many people in Christiania

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have their own WiFi hotspots. Christiania
users are willing to open theirs

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to the heating meters and that is
a way to reduce the costs of having

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to manually read the meter, and
it’s a way to get through the WiFi

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up to our servers.

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When researching the existing open source
options from the Kamstrup to create

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a meter logger we ran across the ESP8266.

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That’s a microcontroller and when it first
came out it was small and cost effective

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enough to be inserted into the meters
and it had the WiFi capabilities

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to transmit the samples
over the existing infrastructure,

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that means all the WiFis
that you saw, the green points.

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Later, thanks to martin-ger’s ESP library
we were able to extend the coverage

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to places that lacked their own hot spots.
That means that we could hop in…

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that our meter solution could be like an
extra hot spot and transmit all the data

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through some of the heaters to the
next hot spot, and on to the servers.

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We created a daughter board

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to be inserted in the Kamstrup meters
consisting of the ESP8266

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with its flash and WiFi capabilities,
some triacs for controlling

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the external valve, you know, the valve
that can turn off and on for the consumers

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and a separate power supply unit to power
everything. And this picture that you see

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here is put into the living space of
the people that are attached to the

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Nabovarme system.
So everyone has one like this.

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We had a problem. Because Kamstrup

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had an open source protocol, KMP, but
it was very difficult to read it and to

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read about it. It didn’t kind of work out,
and we had to spend a few months to

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reverse-engineer a range of their devices
and they are now supported in our meter

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logger firmware. And
the meter logger firmware

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takes care of the net translations
for extending the WiFi,

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and through a grace period
during boot you’re able to set up

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a target access point to connect to.
That means that

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when you first set it up you find the WiFi
spots around, and you find the best one,

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and you log it into that one.
If you later need to change that

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you pass along with your own telephone
a special code, and then you can change

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that point again. That’s
a grace period, that’s just

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a minute or two, and that’s it.
So after that grace period it goes over

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to sample mode. The scheduler
asks the meter for a sample

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every minute. And the KMP
– the Kamstrup – requests

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talks to the meter over serial, and
the KMP receives the data and does

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checksum before all
floating it to the MQTT.

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The MQTT dispatcher takes care of
transmitting the sample to the server.

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And then other part of the firmware closes
the hot water valve if the last sample

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resolves in excessive consumption based on
the readings from the user’s account.

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So this is how we can actually turn off
the user, or actually the thing does it

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automatically. If there’s no more
money on that account

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it automatically switches off. Like when
you go down and buy the log and put it

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into your existing old heater
it burns down. It’s cold.

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Same system. And that transparency
makes it easy for people

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to understand some of the…
Well, that’s it.

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Well.

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From the client side you have
the overview of a client. This is

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what the client sees of the production
and the use of Nabovarme.

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We have the propagation temperature

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and you have the return temperature,
you have the temperature difference

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and you have the flow
and you have the consumption.

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These five graphs you can zoom in
and just have it at 1 or 2 minutes

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or you can have it for a period like
you have from, here, 1st of January

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to the 5th of March. But you can
also have it for 2 years, 3 years

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or just 1 minute, 2 minutes.
So this is very easy for people

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to see how is there a usage,
when and how much

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do they actually spend.

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Now the accounting system.

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That’s one of the headaches for
everybody: how to get the money in.

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We want to supply, we want to share
but we need some money for the pellets.

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How do you do it? And first, of course,
you would just put it on a document

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on your computer,
“my neighbor has given me five crowns”

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– as we’d use in Denmark – or 10 Euros,
“this for the heating of the pellet

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from that day to that day”. Ok. And
when you have a lot of documents

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it makes it very difficult, of course.
So you would start with using Excel

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spreadsheets or, you know, Opendocs
spreadsheets, or whatever,

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you know. And in due time you find out
that’s complex too, it makes it difficult.

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So, then some good guys started making

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custom made applications. And this
is one of them, this is actually the

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latest application called CA
(means Christiania,

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FORBRUG means expenditure).
We’ve developed that

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over time and this is for electricity,
this is a red one,

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you see, and that means that it’s
electricity expenditure, and there is

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every year one, usually the consumer,
but also maybe the area cashier

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goes from house to house, takes the
number, and puts it into this accounting

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system. So you see there, some of them
are from 2006, some are from 2015

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– one is from ’15 and two is from 2017.
This is the expenditure of electricity.

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We want of course to do that
also for heat.

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And this is maybe possible but we
need some more people to help us

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doing that. So, all this require,
of course, individual consumption,

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total consumption and production
expenses to make this all work.

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And that is increasingly difficult to
handle. And, on top of that, users are

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more demanding. They want to know “how
much do I have in our little bank”, or

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“how much do I owe the little bank” or
“how can we actually balance things up”.

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And these data are of course very precious
to us, and we do not want to share them

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with large companies for anti-surveillance
reasons, and this is why we built up

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this whole infrastructure, to keep the
knowledge inside and to gain total access

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of it; but it’s a lot of work, I tell you.

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The last thing is, we need your help!

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We would love to get some
more help on how to improve

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things in our systems, and how to
cooperate with making the systems

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talk together. And we have,
on the left side of the stage,

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we have ‘Stoffer’ here, he’s our
busfactor, you know? If somebody

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from bus runs him down, the knowledge is
gone. What can we do, we need some more

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people knowing what is going on. Our
society is so small that we do not know

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what to do. If one person
disappears a lot of knowledge

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disappears with him. So this is
a serious problem for us. And then

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along, as well, is the demand for
the people that we are serving,

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they want to know more and more
specific details on the consumption,

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the production, the energy, the economy.
It’s very difficult.

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On top of all these things we have installed
a lot of solar panels inside Christiania,

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to stop using so much of electricity
that we buy, and getting down

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on buying the pellets. So all these
different consumption models,

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they coincide, and they need to
be balanced out, and we need

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to monitor them, to see how much do we
actually gain, how much do we lose.

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So please, if you have questions
– we have the problems

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and you can apply if you want to come work
with us at the ‘Christiania Researcher in

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Residence’ that is the house that we have
in Christiania, designed for people that

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want to know about Christiania, are going to
read or do something, some active sessions

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in Christiania. They can come and stay
with us for a month, or come back even,

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and get some interaction with Christiania.
So, thank you for your time,

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and I hope you have a lot of questions
that we will be glad to answer. Thank you.

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*applause*

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Herald: Thank you very much for the
presentation, Emmerik! So, as you have

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heard, we have around 5 minutes for
questions, and you have heard, they are

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in dire need of ideas, inspirations,
support and help. So

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line up at the microphones if you have
questions. I will start with the internet

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if there is a question from the internet.
Is that the case?

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Signal Angel: No questions yet.

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Herald: Alright, then we start
with microphone no. 6.

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Mic 6: Have you given any…
Herald: Please, yeah, perfect.

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Mic 6: Have you given any…
great talk by the way, thank you,

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is there any facts for the distribution
of pellets to be more efficient within,

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not just like the heating, and how does
the actual physical distribution of the

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pellets work, and is there any
automation ideas around that?

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Johannes: Right, …
Kristoffer: You got it?

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Johannes: We don’t have any sound
right now…

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Emmerik: I think we lack some sound
on Stoffer and on Johannes.

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Here is Stoffer. Could you say hello?
Kristoffer: Yes, I’m trying to! Hello?

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Herald: I think it’s on now!
Emmerik: It’s on, it just needs louder!

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Johannes: Yes, so right now we have…
Emmerik: Could you have the question again?

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Johannes: Yes, the question was if we are
using any automation for the pellet

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systems and the distribution of them.
Right now we have huge silos at each

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distribution center. So we kind of
just get a truck that comes in and,

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with pressured air, it just blows all the
pellets into these giant silos. Usually

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at these productions centers we then have
redundant heating production units,

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so if one of them goes down we
can switch to the other one.

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But when it comes to distribution
of costs then it is

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still small isolated communities that
consume their own pellets systems,

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so the budget of one small community
doesn’t go into the budget of another

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community. I hope that was
answering the question.

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Herald: Alright, microphone no. 1, please.

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Mic 1: Hi, thanks for the talk, from me
as well. I was wondering if, like…

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usually you say, first you do isolation
on the buildings and then

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you renew the heating systems. Did you do
that, because I… like from the photos,

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it seems like there’s a lot of old buildings,
and stuff. So that would be my first idea

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to lower the energy consumption
and then putting your system on.

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Emmerik: Thank you for… your question
looks like this, in here:

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first you should insulate your buildings,
and then you could add the heating system

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instead of the other way round.
Is that your question?

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Mic 1: Well, I was just wondering if
you, like just said, okay, we’re putting

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new heating systems, or we first try
to lower the consumption and

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then look for a new system
that, yeah, comes…

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Emmerik: The thing is that once you’re
poor, first you want to heat to survive.

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And then, when you survive, you just
suddenly find out there are ways that are

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smarter than the ones you thought of
before. So you find a house, you stay

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there, and you heat it. You don’t find
a house insulated and start heating,

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no. It’s the other way around. And this
tends to extend into many decades.

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So that we have a number of very, very old
houses, and they’re… some of them are

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heritage-restricted, and some of
them are just in very bad shape, and

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many squatters have been living there
before us, and they have not contributed

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to the betterment of the houses.
Right now, as in a new situation, as we

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are looking into eternity, I mean, we’re
staying here, we’re not being forced out

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by the police or anybody. So, we think
longer terms, we say, maybe people live

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for 5 years here, but they should
contribute to the roof that lasts 30 years

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and they should contribute to the
insulation that we need to have a better

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house in all thirty years. And this is a
plan that takes time and effort.

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And also needs to be propagated into
the mindset of people in Christiania.

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And not easy. So first you deliver
pellets, you give them heat, you find out

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how to avoid the pellets; and you give
them insulation to avoid the heat.

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This is the way it has been.

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Herald: All right think now…

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Emmerik: I think you have an
extra question? No, is that?

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Herald: Maybe you can just find the other
people who still have questions, we don’t

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have time for all the questions, and you
can just talk to them. Now I think it’s

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the internet’s turn to ask a question,
because they cannot find you afterwards.

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Signal Angel: Yes, the internet has some
questions. First question is: would it be

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possible to have some holiday
in Christiania and

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help you with your project?

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Johannes: Yes, yes, it would be
possible, very possible. So please

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come join us! You can apply through
this web address up here, crir.net.

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And you can stay there up to one month,
free of charge, of course while contributing.

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And we have a very low level of
documentation so a lot of human

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communication is needed, so you’re very
much welcome. Come and join us, and

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help us reduce the bus factor – he’s taking
the bus every day, we are just waiting

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for him to die! So come and
join us and help us!

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Herald: And I think on that note of the
extension of a very kind invitation to

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all of you to come and join them and
work with them, we have to close the talk.

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I saw you all people at microphones 1, 2
and 8 but unfortunately we don’t have

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any more time. But just come and find the
speakers after the talk, and discuss with

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them all the open questions you still
have. So please give another warm

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round of applause to Johannes,
Kristoffer and Emmerik!

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*applause*

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*postroll music*

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*subtitles created by c3subtitles.de
in the year 2018*